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Papillomaviruses (PVs) are epitheliotropic viruses that cause benign proliferative lesions in the skin (warts or papillomas) and mucous membranes of their natural hosts. In bovines specifically, 13 types of Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) are currently described in the literature, although the actual number may be greater than 20. BPV types are classified into four genera based on homology within the genomic regions of the L1 ORF, the most conserved sequence. This study conducted molecular typing of BPV in dairy cows with different papillomatosis cases and investigated the presence of co-infections across distinct BPV types in the same sample. After carrying out PCR using degenerate primers and type specific primers, 35 BPV suspected samples were detected as positive for BPV and these samples were used for typing using sequence analysis/PCR with type-specific primers. This analysis identified BPV-1, -2, -3, -4, -6, -7, -9 and -10, new putative types (BPV/BR/UEL6-like viruses) and the previously described putative type viruses (BAPV-6) in the 35 BPV-positive samples. In addition, co-infections across different BPV types were widely detected in the BPV-positive samples.  This study shows that PCR assays using degenerate primers to amplify partial fragments of the L1 gene followed by sequencing is useful for genotyping BPV. However, results need confirmation using type-specific primers in order to consider co-infections. In addition, this study identified a new putative type (in the same cluster as BPV/BR/UEL6-like viruses) and the previously described putative type viruses (BAPV-6) in teat papillomatosis of Turkish dairy cows. The study shows that it is essential to identify BPV types and their prevalence/distribution, and also to determine the clinical consequences of infection for the development of prophylactic and/or therapeutic procedures.

Induction of ovulation in oestrus queens results in a significant increase in the number of intermediate cells and a significant decrease in both the dimensions and RGB values of vaginal epithelial cells on day 7.

The aim of this study was to evaluate milk glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels in Damascus goats with subclinical mastitis. According to the somatic cell counts (SCCs), 193 Damascus goats included in the study were divided into healthy (n = 75; SCC <1000 × 10 3 cell/mL) and mastitis (n = 118; SCC ≥1000 × 10 3 cell/mL) groups. It was determined that GPx levels were 271.76 ± 3.16 U/L and 300.47 ± 9.04 U/L and SOD levels were 2.57 ± 0.09 U/mL and 2.23 ± 0.07 U/mL in the healthy and mastitis group, respectively. Our findings show that the GPx (P < 0.001) and SOD (P < 0.05) levels were different between the groups. Weak correlations were also found between somatic cell counts and GPx levels (Spearman's R = 0.296, P < 0.001) and SOD levels (Spearman's R = -0.163, P = 0.024). The model showed that GPX (P = 0.003) and SOD (P = 0.004) levels were different according to the SCCs in healthy and mastitic milk samples, respectively. However, individual differences like age, parity, and number of offspring had no effect on milk GPx and SOD levels (P > 0.05). In summary, a significant increase in GPx and decrease in SOD levels, respectively, were determined in goat milk samples with subclinical mastitis, and these changing trends were correlated with milk SCCs. However, age, parity, and number of offspring were not associated with these changing patterns.

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