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The new cichlid species Gymnogeophagus tiraparae is described from the río Negro and río Tacuarí basins (Uruguay). The new species is distinguished from other Gymnogeophagus species by the unique presence of the following characters: adipose hump on head deeper than the dorsal-fin upper border, adipose hump with anterior profile vertical, extending from the upper lip to the dorsal-fin origin, absence of transversal bands on body; two horizontal series of moderately elongated light blue dots between dorsal fin spines, and a series of light blue stripes between soft rays, sometimes merged with the second series of elongated dots, always with a red ground color between series of dots, and caudal fin with dots vertically aligned on its distal border. According to these characters and a recent molecular phylogenetic analysis, the new species is closely related to G. gymnogenys.A nova espécie de ciclídeo Gymnogeophagus tiraparae é descrita das bacias dos rios Negro e Tacuarí (Uruguai). A nova espécie se distingue das outras pela presença dos seguintes caracteres: gibosidade adiposa na cabeça mais alta que a borda distal da nadadeira dorsal, gibosidade adiposa com perfil anterior vertical, se extendendo desde o lábio superior até a origem da nadadeira dorsal, duas séries de pintas azul celeste levemente ovaladas na parte proximal da nadadeira dorsal e uma série de linhas azul celeste nas porções posterior e distal da nadadeira, algumas vezes fusionadas com uma segunda série de pintas ovaladas e sempre apresentando um fundo vermelho entre as pintas, nadadeira caudal com pintas alinhadas verticalmente na borda distal. De acordo com esses caracteres e uma recente análise filogenética molecular, a nova espécie é proximamente relacionada à G. gymnogenys.

Population genetic analyses based on both mitochondrial cytochrome b and the internal transcribed spacer 2 of recombinant (r)DNA genes were implemented to examine hypotheses of population differentiation in the angular angel shark Squatina guggenheim, one of the four most-widespread endemic species inhabiting coastal ecosystems in the south-western Atlantic Ocean. A total of 82 individuals of S. guggenheim from 10 sampling sites throughout the Río de la Plata mouth, its maritime front, the outer shelf at the subtropical confluence and the coastal areas of the south-west Atlantic Ocean, were included. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) based on the second internal transcribed spacer (its-2) region supports that the samples from the outer shelf represent an isolated group from other sites. Historical gene flow in a coalescent-based approach revealed significant immigration and emigration asymmetry between sampling sites. Based on the low level of genetic diversity, the existence of a long-term population decline or a past recent population expansion following a population bottleneck could be proposed in S. guggenheim. This demographic differentiation suggests a degree of vulnerability to overexploitation in this endemic and endangered south-west Atlantic Ocean shark, given its longevity and low reproductive potential.