Meloidogyne ethiopica, an aggressive nematode, causes significant economic losses to Vitis crops. Rootstocks can successfully manage phytoparasitic nematodes. However, no studies exist on M. ethiopica-resistant rootstocks under field conditions. This study assessed the resistance of six Vitis rootstocks to M. ethiopica under field and greenhouse conditions. The number of galls and eggs in vine roots, quantity of second stage juveniles and males in 250 ml of soil, root weight, and shoot weight were determined for the Harmony, SO4, 101-14 MG, 110R, 3309C, and Kober 5BB rootstocks, and the own-root Chardonnay variety as a control. In the field, Harmony, SO4, 101-14 MG, Kober 5BB, and 110R were highly resistant to nematode parasitism and reproduction. In turn, 3309C was the least resistant rootstock. In the greenhouse, all rootstocks similarly limited M. ethiopica attack and reproduction. In both conditions, Chardonnay was the most susceptible vine to nematode attack, with high quantities of galls, eggs, and nematode reproduction. In conclusion, most of the evaluated rootstocks reduced M. ethiopica parasitism. Harmony, SO4, 101-14 MG, 110R, and Kober 5BB rootstocks are options for vineyard use, with final selection dependent on winegrower requirements.
Calculating the velocity and migration of plant-parasitic nematodes in soil is important for understanding individual roles in nematode populations. Tracking individual nematodes in the soil is difficult, and any marking system can alter the behavior of second-stage juvenile (J2) nematodes. This study examined the velocity of Meloidogyne ethiopica J2s under different soil moisture conditions and proposed a maximum migration distance. Evaluations considered 16 velocity categories (distances of 1.5, 4.5, 9.5, and 14.5 cm; experimental periods of 3, 6, 16, and 26 d) and four moisture ranges (40-55, 55-70, 70-85, and 85-100%) in pots with sandy soil under controlled temperature and moisture conditions. The weighted average velocity of J2 specimens that reached the roots was 70-75 μm h −1 , and the maximum recorded velocity was 378 μm h −1 . The fastest average velocities were 100 μm h −1 (Test 1) and 89 μm h −1 (Test 2). The average velocity at 85-100% soil moisture was very similar to the overall weighted average velocity of M. ethiopica J2s because most movement of the J2 specimens occurred at higher soil moisture ranges. Few J2s moved in the 40-55% soil moisture range. At slow velocities (24, 39, and 72 μm h −1 ), the number of J2s reaching the roots was highly correlated with higher soil moisture. The majority of M. ethiopica J2s did not move or moved at velocities slower than 24 μm h −1 , implying that unless the plant roots were near the nematode, they will not be infested. 1Abbreviations: % bl h -1 , percentage of nematode body length per hour; J2, second-stage juvenile.
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