The objective of this study is to examine how physical, educational, and social extracurricular activities affect academic achievements of the participating students in Peninsular Malaysia. A cross-sectional design and quantitative method is applied, and complete data is collected from 150 students from three public universities in Peninsular Malaysia. Findings of this study indicate that there is no significant positive association between participation in extracurricular activities and student's academic achievements. These alarming findings suggest that, besides emphasizing on promoting extracurricular activities to improve students' knowledge and understanding, both universities and policy makers should be more aware of designing effective extracurricular activities and should establish a standard framework for continuous assessments of the outcome of these activities.
In this study, empirical analysis is conducted to reveal the relationship between three variables: energy consumption, GDP and CO2. The analysis is based on 13 oil importing countries and 11 oil exporting countries. The main objectives are (1) to reveal the long-run relationship based on three different models using second generation panel unit-root and panel cointegration tests and (2) to investigate the short-run relationship between pairs of variables using VAR Granger causality test. The panel unit root tests indicate that each variable is integrated of order one, I(1). Based on cointegration tests, the results reveal a long-run relationship in one of the models in both countries. The VAR Granger Causality shows evidence of a short-run relationship between the variables in both groups of countries.
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