BackgroundComplementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) is a combination of herbal medicine, traditional therapies, and mind-body intervention. This descriptive study was designed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, perception and self-use of CAM among Bangladeshi undergraduate pharmacy students. The study also evaluated their opinions about its integration into the pharmacy course curriculum.MethodsIt was a cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study conducted on 250 pharmacy students of five reputed public universities of Bangladesh.ResultsThis study revealed that majority of the pharmacy students were using or had previously used at least one type of CAM. Among the students, 59% had used homeopathy followed by Ayurveda (30%), meditation (29%), massage (13%), Unani (9%), yoga (6%) and acupuncture (2%). Students’ attitudes towards CAM were influenced by family and friends, books and journals, the internet and to a lesser degree by health practitioners. A significant (p < 0.05) number of students had knowledge about CAM. A majority of the students (90%) had positive, while 10% had negative attitudes towards CAM. Lack of knowledge and trained professionals were found to be the major interruptions to CAM use. 84.45% acknowledged the importance of knowledge about CAM for them as future healthcare practitioners. Furthermore, the majority of the students also believed that ideas and methods of CAM would be beneficial for conventional medicine.ConclusionsFrom the findings of the study, it can be recommended that an approach should be taken to educate the students about the fundamentals of CAM use so that it may fulfill the professional needs of our future pharmacists.
BackgroundThe current study aims at evaluating the analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory properties of methanolic extract of the stem, bark and leaves of Launaea sarmentosa and Aegialitis rotundifolia roxb.ResultsThe AELS and AEAR extract presented a significant (***p < 0.001) dose dependent increase in reaction time in writhing method and showed inhibition of 63.1% and 57.1% respectively at the doses of 400 mg/kg body weight while standard drug showed (P < 0.001) inhibition of 69.23%. In tail immersion method, AELS and AEAR showed maximum time of tail retention at 30 min in hot water i.e. 6.93 sec and 6.54 sec respectively at highest doses of 400 mg/kg body weight than lower dose while standard pentazocine showed reaction time of 7.62 sec. The AELS and AEAR extract also exhibited promising anti-inflammatory effect as demonstrated by statistically significant inhibition of paw volume by 32.48% and 26.75% respectively at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight while the value at the dose of 200 mg/kg body weight were linear to higher dose at the 3rd hour of study. On the other hand, Standard indomethacin inhibited 40.13% of inflammation (***P < 0.001). In Cotton-pellet granuloma method, AELS and AEAR extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg body weight exhibited inhibition of inflammation of 34.7% and 29.1% respectively while standard drug showed (P < 0.001) inhibition of 63.22%. Intraperitoneal administration of AELS and AEAR showed dose dependent decrease in body temperature in brewer’s yeast induced hyperthermia in rats at both doses. However, AELS significantly decreased body temperature (***p < 0.001) at 400 mg/kg compared to control.ConclusionsPresent work propose that the methanolic extract of Launaea sarmentosa and Aegialitis rotundifolia roxb possesses dose dependent pharmacological action which supports its therapeutic use in folk medicine possibly mediated through the inhibition or blocking of release of prostaglandin and/or actions of vasoactive substances such as histamine, serotonin and kinins.
BackgroundThe study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial activity, cytotoxic, and membrane stabilization activities, and in vivo antiemetic and antipyretic potentials of ethanolic extract, n-hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions of Spilanthes paniculata leaves for the first time widely used in the traditional treatments in Bangladesh.ResultsIn antipyretic activity assay, a significant reduction (P < 0.05) was observed in the temperature in the mice tested. At dose 400 mg/kg-body weight, the n-hexane soluble fraction showed the effect (36.7 ± 0.63°C ) as like as the standard (dose 150 mg/kg-body weight) after 5 h of administration. Extracts showed significant (P < 0.001) potential when tested for the antiemetic activity compared to the standard, metoclopramide. At dose 50 mg/kg-body weight, the standard showed 67.23% inhibition, whereas n-hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions showed 37.53% and 24.93% inhibition of emesis respectively at dose 400 mg/kg-body weight. In antimicrobial activity assay, the n-hexane soluble fraction (400 μg/disc) showed salient activity against the tested organisms. It exerts highest activity against Salmonella typhi (16.9 mm zone of inhibition); besides, crude, and ethyl acetate extracts showed resistance to Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis, and Vibrio cholera respectively. All the extracts were tested for lysis of the erythrocytes. At the concentration of 1mg/ml, ethanol extract, and n-hexane and ethyl acetate soluble fractions significantly inhibited hypotonic solution induced lysis of the human red blood cell (HRBC) (27.406 ± 3.57, 46.034 ± 3.251, and 30.72 ± 5.679% respectively); where standard drug acetylsalicylic acid (concentration 0.1 mg/ml) showed 77.276 ± 0.321% inhibition. In case of heat induced HRBC hemolysis, the plant extracts also showed significant activity (34.21 ± 4.72, 21.81 ± 3.08, and 27.62 ± 8.79% inhibition respectively). In the brine shrimp lethality bioassay, the n-hexane fraction showed potent (LC50 value 48.978 μg/ml) activity, whereas ethyl acetate fraction showed mild (LC50 value 216.77 μg/ml) cytotoxic activity.ConclusionsOur results showed that the n-hexane extract has better effects than the other in all trials. In the context, it can be said that the leaves of S. paniculata possess remarkable pharmacological effects, and justify its folkloric use as antimicrobial, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, and antiemetic agent. Therefore, further research may be suggested to find possible mode of action of the plant part.
Background: The present study was designed to evaluate Ciprofloxacin residue and their impact on some biomolecules (albumin, total protein and cholesterol) in eggs of laying hens after oral administration. For that purpose, One group (A) of laying hens (n = 20) were orally administered 10 mg⁄kg ciprofloxacin for five consecutive days. The second group (n = 10) was untreated controls. Eggs were collected from day one of treatment and up to 25 days after withdrawal of treatment. Egg white and yolk from each egg were separated, and ciprofloxacin residues and biomolecules were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography method with fluorescence detection and humalyzer having commercial assay kits respectively. Results: Ciprofloxacin was detectable in egg white on the first day of treatment in higher concentrations (1755 μg⁄kg) while at lower concentrations (362 μg⁄kg) in egg yolk. In both medium, concentrations increased during five days treatment period. After withdrawal of treatment, eight days and fourteen days were required to deplete the drug residue below the established LOD in albumen and yolk respectively. On the other hand, cholesterol level increased while albumin and total protein level decreased during treatment period. All these biomolecules returns to their normal level at about seventeenth or eighteenth day from the day of treatment. In all cases, the differences in drug residue concentrations and biomolecules concentrations during treatment and post treatment in egg were found significant. Conclusion: Based on the time needed for residue to deplete below the LOD, we can estimate that, within twenty days of treatment period, egg contents could contain harmful residue which can deplete the nutritional value of egg and thus could cause severe disease for consumer as well whereas it is safe after that period.
The study was designed to explore possible phytochemical characteristics (group determinant of plant extract) and to investigate the cytotoxic and anthelmintic potential in vitro, using the methanolic extract of bark of Dillenia indica growing in coastal region of Bangladesh. Phytochemical analysis of the crude extract revealed the presence of alkaloid(s), carbohydrate(s), glycoside(s), phenol, tannin, protein(s), gum and mucilages. Nhexane and ethyl acetate soluble fraction of Dillenia indica were screened for cytotoxic activity using brine shrimp lethality bioassay, where vincristine sulphate was used as a positive control. It was noticed that the methanolic extract and its fractions possess potent cytotoxic principles (with LC50 value17.68 mg / ml, 17.68 mg / ml, 15.80 mg / ml and LC90 value 486.61, 287.66, 148.82 μg / ml respectively) compared with positive control vincristine sulphate (LC50 0.631 mg / ml and LC90 value 13.51 mg / ml). The other study was undertaken to evaluate anthelmintic activity where albendazole was used as reference standard. Methanolic extract of barks
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