Although the quality of evidence was low, the published literature since 2006 suggests that CHEST's 2006 Cough Guidelines and management algorithms for acute, subacute, and chronic cough in adults appeared useful in diagnosing and treating patients with cough around the globe. These same algorithms have been updated to reflect the advances in cough management as of 2017.

A higher consumption of green tea is associated with a lower prevalence of cognitive impairment in humans.

During a 5-year observation period elderly individuals with nocturia were at greater risk for fracture and death than those without nocturia.

The panelists (1) endorsed the use of a diagnostic/therapeutic algorithm addressing causes of common cough, including symptomatic reflux; (2) advised that although lifestyle modifications and weight reduction may be beneficial in suspected reflux-cough syndrome, PPIs demonstrated no benefit when used in isolation; and (3) suggested that physiological testing be reserved for refractory patients being considered for antireflux surgery or for those in whom there is strong clinical suspicion warranting diagnostic testing.

No abstract

1. By the development of a new perforated patch method using gramicidin, the effects of GABA on neurones dissociated from the rat substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) were examined without disturbing the intracellular chloride concentration.2. Using the patch pipette solution containing gramicidin (100 jug ml-'), the access resistance dropped to less than 20 MQ. within 40 min after making the gigaohm seal. 3. Under current-clamp conditions, GABA caused a hyperpolarization accompanied by a blockade of spontaneous firing. Under voltage clamp at a holding potential (Vh) of -50 mV, GABA evoked an outward current by way of bicuculline-and picrotoxin-sensitive GABAA receptors. 4. A 10-fold change of extracellular chloride concentration resulted in a 58 mV shift of the reversal potential of GABA-induced outward current (EGABA), indicating that the membrane behaves like a chloride electrode in the presence of GABA.5. The intracellular chloride activities (aCli), calculated with the Nernst equation using both extracellular chloride activity and EGABA values, ranged from 2-8 to 19-7 mm with a mean value of 9-5 mm. The aCli was not affected either by different pipette solutions or by different holding potentials more hyperpolarized than -40 mV. 6. In the recording from SNR neurones in brain slice using the gramicidin-perforated patchclamp technique, the inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic currents were recorded in different current directions and the former was blocked by bicuculline. 7. In conclusion, the gramicidin-perforated patch method will disclose previously unknown aspects of biological responses involving CF.

Daily capsaicin supplementation resulted in a significant improvement in upper protective respiratory reflexes, particularly in older people with a high risk for aspiration.

Despite the development and wide distribution of guidelines for pneumonia, death from pneumonia is increasing due to population aging. Conventionally, aspiration pneumonia was mainly thought to be one of the infectious diseases. However, we have proven that chronic repeated aspiration of a small amount of sterile material can cause the usual type of aspiration pneumonia in mouse lung. Moreover, chronic repeated aspiration of small amounts induced chronic inflammation in both frail elderly people and mouse lung. These observations suggest the need for a paradigm shift of the treatment for pneumonia in the elderly. Since aspiration pneumonia is fundamentally based on dysphagia, we should shift the therapy for aspiration pneumonia from pathogen-oriented therapy to function-oriented therapy. Function-oriented therapy in aspiration pneumonia means therapy focusing on slowing or reversing the functional decline that occurs as part of the aging process, such as "dementia → dysphagia → dystussia → atussia → silent aspiration". Atussia is ultimate dysfunction of cough physiology, and aspiration with atussia is called silent aspiration, which leads to the development of life-threatening aspiration pneumonia. Research pursuing effective strategies to restore function in the elderly is warranted in order to decrease pneumonia deaths in elderly people.