The short-term effect of ALDO on NHE activity is not mediated through either MR or GR, occurs independent of gene transcription and protein synthesis, and occurs through a mechanism involving the structural elements of cytoskeleton. The long-term effect of ALDO on NHE activity occurs through both MR and GR and requires gene transcription and protein synthesis. Both short- and long-term effects of ALDO are mediated through PKC activation. Therefore, ALDO activates NHE by nongenomic and genomic mechanisms in VSMCs.
rHuEPO inhibits IL-1beta induced NO production by suppressing iNOS mRNA and protein expressions through EpoR, and the PLC-gamma1 and PKC pathway may be involved.
In VSMCs, NHE activity is stimulated by short-term exposure to CORTI, but is inhibited by long-term exposure to CORTI. The short-term stimulatory effect of CORTI on NHE activity is independent of gene transcription and protein synthesis, is mediated through the CORTI surface receptor, and occurs through a microtubule-dependent process. The long-term inhibitory effect of CORTI on NHE activity requires gene transcription and protein synthesis and occurs only through the cytosolic GR. The short- and long-term effects of CORTI on NHE activity occur via PKC activation. Therefore, CORTI differentially modulates NHE activity in VSMCs by nongenomic and genomic mechanisms.
A 68 year old Japanese female with unilateral metamorphopsia of the face that developed after a small haemorrhage in the contralateral retrosplenial region, is described. The patient claimed that the right side of a face, that is, the left side when looked at by the patient, appeared smaller than the left. In addition, her drawings of the face showed some distortions. Objects other than the face were perceived normally. Cranial CT scan revealed a small high density area in the right retrosplenial region. The face appears to have a special representation in the posterior hemisphere.Metamorphopsia, which includes micropsia, macropsia and other distortions of visual images, is a rare neurological symptom and the exact location of the lesion responsible for it is not clear. It is usually a bilateral phenomenon. Our patient developed apparent reduction in size of one side of the face in her vision after a small haemorrhage in the retrosplenial region. This may have been a form of unilateral metamosphopsia.prosopagnosia. Her visual acuity and the visual field were normal. She-was acutely aware that the right half of the examiner's face looked smaller than that of the left. This phenomenon was observed with the right or the left eye alone in the same way whoever she looked at. She stated that objects other than the face looked normal, and drawings of those objects had no distortion. As shown in fig 1, her drawing of a face showed some distortions as the distance between the right eye and the centre of the face was wider despite the smaller size of the right half of the face. Extraocular muscles were all intact with normal optokinetic nystagmus. The rest of the neurological examination was entirely normal except for slight loss of superficial sensation on the left which had been present since her putaminal haemorrhage 11 years previously.Routine blood chemistries were within normal limits. Electrocardiogram revealed sinus rhythm and negative T waves in V, through V4. Cranial CT revealed a small high density area in the right posterior part of the cingulate gyrus just behind the splenium with a partial involvement of the adjacent corpus callosum (fig 2). Also, a small low density area was noted in each putamen. The right one most likely represents the putaminal haemorrhage 11 years before. She could not recall an
Microelectrode techniques were used to assess the electrical properties of the collecting duct cell in the isolated perfused cortical collecting duct from remnant kidneys 3, 6, and 24 h after uninephrectomy (UNX); results were compared with those from sham-operated kidneys. Plasma aldosterone levels did not change during the time course after UNX. The lumennegative transepithelial voltage was elevated significantly 3 h after UNX, and was increased further 24 h after UNX. The basolateral membrane voltage (VB) was elevated 6 h after UNX, and then was increased further at 24 h. Although the tight junction conductance and the fractional apical membrane resistance (fRA) were not altered at any time points after UNX, the apical membrane conductance as well as the transepithelial (GT) and basolateral membrane conductances increased 6 and 24 h after UNX. The changes in apical membrane voltage, GT, and fRA upon addition of luminal amiloride increased just 3 h after UNX, and then remained elevated at 6 and 24 h. The changes in apical membrane voltage and GT upon addition of luminal Ba2", the changes in VB upon addition of bath ouabain, and the changes in VB, GT, and fRA upon raising bath K+ were not influenced 3 h after UNX, but increased at 6 and 24 h. At these latter periods after UNX, the transference number of Cl-of the basolateral membrane decreased significantly, whereas the transference number of K+ ofthe basolateral membrane increased significantly. Simultaneously, addition of Ba2" to the bath caused the VB to hyperpolarize in parallel with decreases in GT and fRA. We conclude: (a) the initial effect of UNX (3 h) in the collecting duct cell is an increase in apical membrane Na+ conductance; (b) the delayed effects of UNX (6 and 24 h) are increases in apical membrane K+ conductance as well as basolateral membrane Na'-K' pump activity and K+ conductance; (c) the hyperpolarization of VB at 6 and 24 h after UNX may result in the decrease of the ratio of the relative Cl-conductance to the relative K+ conductance of the basolateral membrane and also may increase passive K+ entry into the cell across the basolateral membrane; (d) these time-dependent electrical changes occur independently of plasma aldostePortions of this work have appeared in abstract forms ( 1992.
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