Background:Dengue virus is a leading cause of illness and death in the tropics and subtropics. As many as 400 million people are infected yearly. Dengue is caused by any one of four related viruses transmitted by mosquitoes. Currently, there is no vaccine to prevent infection with dengue virus and the most effective protective measures are those that avoid mosquito bites. When infected, early recognition and prompt supportive treatment can substantially lower the risk of medical complications and death. Nowadays, the search for natural plant products to fight against viral diseases has been increasing.Aims and Objective:To test the anti-dengu viral activity of both ethanolic & aqueous extract of Andrographis paniculata.Materials and Methods:In vitro antiviral activity were performed against dengue virus by the 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method and SYBR green quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Cytotoxicity was also evaluated by MTT. The dengue viral load (VL) inhibition in plant extracts was characterized by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) analysis.Results and Discussion:In this study, the maximum nontoxic dose (MNTD) of A. paniculata plant was determined by testing the ethanolic extracts against Vero cells in vitro. Antiviral assay based on cytopathic effects denoted by degree of inhibition upon treating DENV 1–4-infected Vero cells with MNTD of A. paniculata has the most antiviral inhibitory effects. These results were further verified with an in vitro inhibition assay using MTT and RT-PCR, in which 55%–97% of cell viability were recorded in DENV-1–4-infected cells in different duration.Conclusion:Ethanolic extracts treated with dengue VLs also showed a significant changes which were reflected in RT PCR assay.
Aim: Dengue fever is the most important vector borne viral disease in many tropical and subtropical countries. In this study we have analyzed the molecular epidemiology of dengue in Tamil Nadu to improve understanding of the evolution for the past four years from June 2011 to June 2014, by testing Dengue outbreak samples from twenty districts of Tamil Nadu. The serum collected from suspected Dengue patients were analyzed for Dengue specific IgM antibodies by Mac IgM antibody capture enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using NIV kit and detection of NS1 antigen & IgG antibodies using Pan Bio kits. NS1 positive samples were subjected to Dengue serotyping by RT-PCR. World Health Organization case definition was adopted to categorize the Dengue cases. Results:The total number of samples screened during the period was 690, out of which 211 (79 Ns1 & 132 IgM) (30.58%) were positive for Dengue and RT-PCR results revealed that all the four Dengue serotypes were in circulation in different combinations during this study period. Re-emergence of Dengue 2 after nine years in Chennai, Tamil Nadu in 2014 was a notable feature. Conclusion:Our analysis exhibited that in Tamil Nadu outbreaks occurred during monsoon and post monsoon season and most likely cause was by endemic virus strains that had been circulating in South East Asia for several years. In developing countries like India, public heath containment activities play a pivotal role in the control of outbreaks.
The present study was concentrated to screen some members in Enterobacteriaceae family from chilled meat products procured from different retail shops in Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu. A total of six varieties of ready to cook chilled food products with five samples in each were randomly purchased from departmental stores, retailer meat shops and local vendors of Tiruchirappalli. Out of 30 ready to cook, chilled food products screened for the presence of Enterobacteriaceae, 28 found to be positive for Enterobacteriaceae. A total of 36 bacterial strains were selected at random and identified. Only 11 isolates were finally confirmed as Enterobacteriaceae and this was shared by Escherichia coli (E. coli), Citrobacter spp., Salmonella spp., Serratia spp. and Proteus spp. Among these Proteus spp. (23.3%) was found predominant in all the samples. Antibiogram study revealed that 54.5% isolates were susceptible to each of Ofloxacin and Ciprofloxacin followed by Ampicillin (45.5%), Chloramphenicol (27.3%) and Gentamycin (18.2%). A high percentage of 54.5% isolates were found to be multidrug resistance (resistant to 3 or more antibiotics). E. coli and Proteus spp. isolated from mixed vegetables and beef respectively, were exhibited 100% resistant to Penicillin, Ciprofloxacin, Chloramphenicol, Ofloxacin, Ampicillin and Gentamycin. The study revealed poor sanitation and cross-contamination in food processing area which resulted in the enhancement of enteropathogenic bacteria which are, known to cause foodborne illnesses. Also, the multidrug resistance noticed in the present study may be linked to the use of antibiotics in cattle rearing which constitute a serious threat to public health.
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