Enteroviruses are RNA viruses found as commensals in the human gut and respiratory system, which may cause a wide spectrum of disease. Enteroviruses may cause severe neurologic complications including acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and encephalitis and are the most commonly diagnosed agents of viral meningitis. Outbreaks of more severe disease are often associated with particular genotypes, such as enterovirus-A71 causing rhombencephalitis and AFP. There are more than 300 described genotypes of human enterovirus, with overlaps in clinical phenotypes between genotypes, and uncertainty about which genotypes are more prevalent in neurological manifestations.A systematic review of observational studies was conducted to evaluate the most prevalent enterovirus genotypes causing AFP, encephalitis, and meningitis. The genotyping methods and sampling sites were compiled as secondary outcomes.Sources included MEDLINE, Embase (publications until January 2019), and references selected from included studies. Meta-analyses using a random effects model were performed to calculate the pooled proportion of enterovirus genotypes in each disease.Ninety-six publications met the eligibility criteria, comprising 3779 AFP cases, 1140 encephalitis cases, and 32 810 meningitis cases. Enterovirus-A71 was most frequently associated with AFP (pooled proportion 0.12, 95% CI, 0.05-0.20) and encephalitis (0.77, 95% CI, 0.61-0.91). Echovirus 30 (0.35, 95% CI, 0.27-0.42) was the most predominant genotype in meningitis cases. Genotypes were most commonly determined using VP1 RT-reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and most samples assessed were cerebrospinal fluid.With the emergence of enteroviruses as an increasing cause of neurological diseases, surveillance and testing need to increase to identify the aetiology of the most common and most severe disorders.

Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disease is increasing worldwide. Diabetic foot infections are one of the most feared and bothersome complications of diabetes caused by different genera of bacteria. There is an increasing evidence which demonstrates the presence of biofilm former's in chronic diabetic foot ulcers which contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant strains and treatment failure. The present study aimed at isolating bacteria from diabetic wounds, to check for its antibiotic susceptibility and biofilm forming ability. From the diabetic wounds, isolates belonging to the genera of Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Esherichia, Vibrio, Acinetobacter and Citrobacter were recovered. To the best of our knowledge, Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated for the first time from diabetic ulcer. Antibiotic sensitivity profile of the organisms infers the presence of multidrug-resistant strains. Majority of bacteria isolated were found to be biofilm formers. High biofilm former's were observed in strains of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and Klebsiella spp. There was significant association between incubation time and intensity of biofilm formation in P. aeruginosa [ᵡ2 (p< 0.05) = 0.001)], Staphylococcus spp. [ᵡ2 (p< 0.05) = 0.023)] and Acinetobacter spp. [ᵡ2 (p< 0.05) = 0.018)]. The presence of biofilm forming multidrug-resistant bacteria infers the chronic nature of diabetic wounds.

Over the last decade, Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as one of the main causes of infections acquired in the hospital setting. Outbreaks associated with this pathogen are caused mainly due to contamination and transmission in hospital territories. However, the natural habitats of A. baumannii of clinical signi cance still remain unclear. In this study, we highlight the isolation and identi cation of multidrug resistant environmental strains of A. baumannii from the soil of Mangaluru city. All the recovered isolates were bio lm formers and two isolates were multidrug-resistant and showed resistance to uoroquinolone, aminoglycosides, sulfonamide, tetracycline, and carbapenems. In addition, they exhibited protease activity, produced phospholipase C and siderophore. To the best of our knowledge, this is the rst study to isolate and identify drug resistant strains of A. baumannii from the soil.

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