Broiler chickens are highly sensitive to high ambient temperatures due to their feathers, lack of skin sweat glands, and high productivity. Heat stress (HS) is a major concern for the poultry industry because it negatively affects growth as well as immune functions, which increase the potential risk of infectious disease outbreaks. Therefore, it is vital to elucidate HS's effect on the avian immune system, especially considering the global rise in average surface temperature. Our study identified a series of immunological disorders in heat-stressed broiler chickens. We exposed 22-day-old broiler chickens to a continuous HS condition (34.5 ± 0.5 • C) for 14 days and immunized them with a prototype bovine serum albumin (BSA) antigen. The plasma and lymphoid tissues (thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and spleen) were harvested at the end of the experiments to investigate the induction of BSA-specific immune responses. Our results revealed that plasma titers of immunoglobulin (Ig)Y, IgM, and IgA antibodies specific for BSA were lower than those of thermoneutral chickens immunized with BSA. Furthermore, the spleens of the heat-stressed broiler chickens displayed severe depression of Bu1 + B cells and CD3 + T cells, including CD4 + T cells and CD8 + T cells, and lacked a fully developed germinal center (GC), which is crucial for B cell proliferation. These immunological abnormalities might be associated with severe depression of CD4 − CD8 − or CD4 + CD8 + cells, which are precursors of either helper or killer T cells in the thymus and Bu1 + B cells in the bursa of Fabricius. Importantly, HS severely damaged the morphology of the thymic cortex and bursal follicles, where functional maturation of T and B cells occur. These results indicate that HS causes multiple immune abnormalities in broiler chickens by impairing the developmental process and functional maturation of T and B cells in both primary and secondary lymphoid tissues.
ABSTRAKMelati merupakan salah satu komoditas bernilai ekonomi tinggi. Namun, permasalahannya adalah bunga melati tidak terjual ke pasar pada saat melimpah ketika panen tiba. Untuk mengatasi permasalahan tersebut, maka perlu dilakukan proses pengolahan terhadap bunga melati yaitu menjadi minyak bunga melati. Salah satu metode pengambilan minyak bunga melati adalah ekstraksi dengan pelarut menguap. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari lama ekstraksi terhadap rendemen dan mutu minyak bunga melati putih dengan menggunakan metode ekstraksi pelarut menguap. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimental laboratorium dengan menggunakan analisis deskriptif. Lama ekstraksi yang digunakan yaitu 8 jam, 12 jam, dan 16 jam dengan perbandingan massa bunga dan pelarut yaitu 1:2. Setiap perlakuan diulang sebanyak tiga kali. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rendemen pada perlakuan lama ekstraksi 16 jam yang paling tinggi yaitu 0,18% dengan aroma agak wangi dan warna minyak bunga melati kuning. Untuk nilai hasil uji parameter mutu yaitu rata-rata bobot jenis sebesar 0,8675, indeks bias 1,3677, bilangan asam 6,6611 mg KOH/g, kelarutan dalam alkohol 1:1, dan kadar sisa pelarut 28%. Dengan komponen minyaknya adalah eicosanol (39,10%) dan linalool (10,94%), pentacosanol (7,20%), farnasense (4,01%), tetracontane (3,58%), ethyl linoleolate (2,76%), dan acetic acid/benzyl acetate (2,02%).Kata Kunci: bunga melati, minyak bunga melati, pelarut menguap. (39,10%), linalool (10,94%), pentacosanol (7,20%), farnasense (4,01%), tetracontane (3,58%), ethyl linoleolate (2,76%), and acetic acid/benzyl acetate (2,02%). ABSTRACT Jasmine flowers is represent as one of valuable commodity of high economics. However jasmine exploiting which is not sold to market at the time of abundance when harvesting. To solved the problem, hence required a processing process of jasmine flowers to be jasmine oil. The jasmine oil can be extracted with solvent extraction method. This research aimed to study the effect of duration of extraction to yield and quality of jasmine oil by using solvent extraction method. The method used in this research
Indonesia is one of the largest producer of nutmeg oil (Myristica fragrans). This essential oil has a lot of usefulness for food and pharmaceutical industries, however antibacterial activity of Indonesian nutmeg oil has not been investigated yet. Antibacterial activity Myristica fragrans oil from two areas respectively (Sulawesi and Central Java) were investigated. The essential oils was extracted using water and steam distiller and then its antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria (gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, and gram-negative bacteria: Shigella Dysenteriae, Salmonella Typhi) was examined. Resistance pattern was studied by in vitro disc diffusion method using essential oil concentration 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100%. The result showed that the two essential oils inhibited all bacteria. The highest inhibition zone on Central Java nutmeg oil was on 60% concentration of the oil (12.96 16.79, 13.46 and 16.50
Sabun mandi cair merupakan saponifikasi antara minyak dan garam alkali. Minyak kelapa murni (VCO) diketahui baik dalam penyabunan karena mengandung asam laurat yang memiliki daya bersih dan berfungsi sebagai antimikroba. Minyak kelor memiliki kandungan asam oleat yang juga berfungsi sebagai pelembab dan antioksidan. Sehingga pencampuran kedua minyak tersebut sesuai untuk dijadikan bahan baku sabun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kombinasi terbaik sabun mandi cair berbasis VCO dengan variasi konsentrasi minyak biji kelor. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah eksperimen laboratorium dengan perlakuan penambahan minyak kelor A= 0% (b/b), B= 10% (b/b), C= 15% (b/b), D= 20% (b/b) dalam total minyak 100 mL sebanyak tiga kali ulangan. Parameter yang diamati adalah sifat fisikokimia sabun berdasarkan SNI Sabun Mandi Cair 06-4085-1996 meliputi nilai pH, alkali bebas, stabilitas busa, bobot jenis, dan angka lempeng total. Sedangkan uji organoleptik meliputi aroma, kekentalan, banyak busa, warna, kesan pemakaian dan reaksi gatal. Hasil terbaik pada uji sifat fisikokimia ditunjukkan oleh perlakuan C (dengan nilai bobot 3,57) dengan nilai pH 9,79, kadar alkali bebas 0,0139%, stabilitas busa 30,12%, bobot jenis 1,049 dan angka lempeng total 0,28 × 10 5 (koloni/g). Sedangkan hasil terbaik pada uji organoleptik ditunjukkan oleh A (dengan nilai bobot 3,49).
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