Two different time-sharing strategies that appeared to be related to different aetiology were found in the patients, indicating different control of the driving task. It is proposed that standardized on-road dual tasks should be used for detecting problems in allocation of attention during driving.
The aim of this study was to find out the neuropsychological measures correlating with overlong glances at secondary in-car tasks while driving. Fifteen. patients with brain damage (without clear neurological or neuropsychological restriction on driving a car) and 11 healthy participants drove a route of 126 km and performed a series of secondary tasks while driving on a highway in an instrumented compact car. Four videocameras allowed detailed analysis of glances during in-car tasks. Neuropsychological measures focused on executive functions, memory, visuospatial skills, and fine motor skills. Moreover, patients' emotional self-evaluation and relatives' evaluation of patients' competencies were included. The proportion of overlong glances away from the road during in-car tasks was greater among the patients than. the healthy drivers. The long glances of the patients correlated strongly with motor and visuospatial deficits, cognitive inflexibility, emotional symptoms, and relatives' evaluations of patients' impaired sensomotor abilities. The results suggest that the frequency of overlong glances was increased by 2 factors: (a) impaired motor and visuospatial skills that evidently caused difficulties in the manipulation of the equipment of the secondary tasks, and (b) impairments of executive functions that were likely to decrease the ability to control the risks related to long glances at the in-car tasks. The slowing of speed during secondary tasks was on the average rather slight and not significantly more pronounced among patients than control drivers, indicating that patients failed to reduce their speed and thus the risk related to prolonged glances at in-car tasks.
PurposeTo reveal possible differences in retinal arterial dynamics between patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and healthy subjects using data‐driven analysis.MethodsThe retinal arterial diameter was measured as a function of time in one eye of 94 T1D‐patients (mean age 32 years, range 22–54) and 29 healthy subjects (mean age 33 years, range 24–50) during stable light conditions and flickering light stimulus using Dynamic Retinal Vessel Analyzer (DVA; Imedos GmbH, Jena, Germany). Diabetic retinopathy (DR) of T1D patients was graded using ETDRS classification: 41 without DR, 50 only mild DR and 3 moderate or more severe DR. The raw DVA data was preprocessed and subsequently analyzed with Self‐Organizing Map (SOM). SOM is a data‐driven method which was here used to cluster DVA time courses of the subjects and to visualize the data in a map‐like image.ResultsThere were differences in retinal arterial response patterns between healthy subjects and T1D patients. The response patterns of the T1D patients seemed milder than those of the healthy subjects. The severity of DR was associated with flatter shape of the response curve. SOM also revealed distinct subgroups among T1D patients.ConclusionsWeaker vascular responses observed in T1D patients as compared to healthy subjects were in line with earlier studies. However, in this series, the interest was to study mostly T1D patients with no or only mild retinopathy, making the detection of differences in artery dynamics challenging. The response patterns of the T1D patients fell into distinct clusters, indicating that there may be other factors explaining the shape of the curves than T1D.
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