Mostly, removal of odontomas is conducted. Extirpation of odontoma can allow for normal tooth eruption, often rendering extractions avoidable. Orthodontic alignment, though sometimes challenging, is a reasonable therapeutic option. These findings underline the value of the panoramic radiograph in preventive dentistry in younger patients.

Azathioprine (AZA) is used to maintain remission in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), but up to 18% of patients are unresponsive. AZA is a prodrug, and the formation of active thioguanine nucleotide (TGN) metabolites varies widely. We aimed to assess the relationship between AZA metabolite concentrations (i.e., TGNs and methylmercaptopurine nucleotides [MeMPNs]), thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) activity, therapeutic response, and toxicity in adult patients with AIH prescribed a stable dose of AZA for the maintenance of remission. Red blood cell (RBC) TGNs and MeMPNs were measured in serial blood samples over a 2-year period. The average TGNs (avTGNs) and MeMPNs (avMeMPNs) concentrations for each patient were used for analysis. Therapeutic response was defined as the ability to maintain remission, defined as a normal serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level (ALT <33 IU/mL). Patients who maintained remission (n 5 53), compared to those who did not (n 5 17), tended to be on lower doses of AZA (1.7 versus 2.0 mg/kg/day; P 5 0.08), but had significantly higher concentrations of avTGN (237 versus 177 pmol/8 3 10 8 RBCs; P 5 0.025). There was no difference in MeMPN concentrations or TPMT activities between the two groups. There was a negative correlation between ALT and avTGN (r s 5 20.32; P 5 0.007). An avTGN concentration of >220 pmol/8 3 10 8 RBCs best predicted remission, with an odds ratio of 7.7 (P 5 0.003). There was no association between TGN, MeMPN, or TPMT activity and the development of leucopenia. Two patients developed AZA-induced cholestasis and the avMeMPN concentration was higher in those patients, compared to those who did not (14,277 versus 1,416 pmol/8 3 10 8 RBCs). Conclusion: TGN concentrations of >220 pmol/8 3 10 8 RBCs are associated with remission. TGN measurement may help identify inadequate immunosupression. AZA-induced cholestasis was associated with increased MeMPN concentrations. (HEPATOLOGY 2012;56:1401-1408 A utoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory liver disease, characterized by a relapsing and remitting course and a high mortality if left untreated. Azathioprine (AZA), a potent immunosuppressant, is commonly used as a ''steroid sparing'' agent for the induction and maintenance of remission in autoimmune hepatitis. Approximately 10% of patients with AIH experience AZA-related side effects necessitating drug withdrawal, 1 and a further 18% of patients are unable to maintain remission with AZA alone. 2AZA is a prodrug that undergoes extensive intracellular activation by a multienzymatic process to form the active metabolites, 6-thioguanine nucleotides (TGNs) (Fig. 1). The immunosuppressive mechanism of action of AZA metabolites is not fully understood. TGN metabolites act as purine antagonists. Incorporation of TGN into DNA is the primary mode of overt

An increased consumption of energy-dense, nutrient-poor food and beverages as a result of a changing obesogenic environment contributes substantially to the increasing prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity. This paper reviews the nature and extent of food industry influences which expose children to commercial influences and thus might affect unhealthy dietary behaviour and finally contributes to obesity. A systematic search of nine electronic databases (including PubMed, PsycINFO, EconLit) and reference lists of original studies and reviews using key search terms identified 1900 articles. Of these only thirty-six articles met the inclusion and quality criteria. A narrative synthesis of the reviewed studies revealed six key obesogenic environments by which the food industry possibly influences obesity-related dietary behaviours in young children. These were schools, retailers, mass media “television”, mass media “internet”, home and promotional campaigns. Identifying these obesogenic environments is critical for monitoring and controlling the food industry, the development of effective environmental-level interventions to prevent childhood overweight and obesity and to identify knowledge gaps to be addressed in future research to support informed decisions of policy makers.