Objective To examine the dependability of alliance scores at the patient and therapist level, to evaluate the potential causal direction of session-to-session changes in alliance and depressive symptoms, and to investigate the impact of aggregating the alliance over progressively more sessions on the size of the alliance-outcome relationship. Method We used data from a study (N=45 patients; N=9 therapists) of psychotherapy for major depressive disorder in which the alliance was measured at every treatment session to calculate generalizability coefficients and to predict change in depressive symptoms from alliance scores. Two replication samples were also used. Results At the therapist level, a large number of patients (about 60) per therapist is needed to provide a dependable therapist-level alliance score. At the patient level, generalizability coefficients revealed that a single assessment of the alliance is only marginally acceptable. Very good (> .90) dependability at the patient level is only achieved through aggregating four or more assessments of the alliance. Session-to-session change in the alliance predicted subsequent session-to-session changes in symptoms. Evidence for reverse causation was found in later-in-treatment sessions, suggesting that only aggregates of early treatment alliance scores should be used to predict outcome. Session 3 alliance scores explained 4.7% of outcome variance but the average of sessions 3 to 9 explaining 14.7% of outcome variance. Conclusion Adequately assessing the alliance using multiple patients per therapist and at least 4 treatment sessions is crucial to fully understanding the size of the alliance-outcome relationship.

The goal of this paper was to examine theoretically important mechanisms of change in psychotherapy outcome across different types of treatment. Specifically, the role of gains in selfunderstanding, acquisition of compensatory skills, and improvements in views of the self were examined. The University of Pennsylvania Center for Psychotherapy Research database that includes studies conducted from 1995 to 2002 evaluating the efficacy of cognitive and psychodynamic therapies for a variety of disorders was used. Patient samples included major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, borderline personality disorder, and adolescent anxiety disorders. A common assessment battery of mechanism and outcome measures was given at treatment intake, termination, and 6-month follow-up for all 184 patients. Improvements in self-understanding, compensatory skills, and views of the self were all associated with symptom change across the diverse psychotherapies. Changes in self-understanding and compensatory skills across treatment were predictive of follow-up symptom course. Changes in self-understanding demonstrated specificity of change to dynamic psychotherapy. KeywordsMechanism; Cognitive therapy; Dynamic therapy; Psychotherapy outcome The major models of psychotherapy propose specific mechanisms of change responsible for the effects of the treatment packages. Despite these well-articulated models of psychotherapeutic change within the psychotherapeutic treatments widely practiced today, there are few empirical studies demonstrating clearly that the proposed mechanisms actually account for the effects of treatment. Further, there is very little evidence that effective mechanisms of psychotherapeutic change are unique to specific treatment modalities rather than common to diverse psychotherapeutic approaches and techniques aiming to achieve symptom reduction.As the field moves toward identifying empirically supported treatments for mental disorders, it is important to not only identify specific treatment packages that are effective for specific disorders, but also validate the theoretically relevant mechanisms of change of these efficacious treatments. Although knowledge of which therapeutic packages are most effective in the treatment of specific disorders is important for making decisions about the best treatment choice today, a better understanding of the important mechanisms of therapeutic change provides the best opportunity for further improving the effects of treatments currently available.

The purpose of the current study is to examine the effects of feedback provided to counselors on the outcomes of patients treated at community-based substance abuse treatment programs. A version of the Outcome Questionnaire (OQ-45), adapted to include drug and alcohol use, was administered to patients (N=304) in three substance abuse treatment clinics. Phase I of the study consisted only of administration of the assessment instruments. Phase II consisted of providing feedback reports to counselors based on the adapted OQ-45 at every treatment session up to session 12. Patients who were found to not be progressing at an expectable rate (i.e., “off-track”) were administered a questionnaire that was used as a second feedback report for counselors. For off-track patients, feedback compared to no feedback led to significant linear reductions in alcohol use throughout treatment and also in OQ-45 total scores and drug use from the point of the second feedback instrument to session 12. The effect for improving mental health functioning was evident at only one of the three clinics. These results suggest that a feedback system adapted to the treatment of substance use problems is a promising approach that should be tested in a larger randomized trial.

Cocaine use is a significant problem in the US and it is well established that cocaine binds to the dopamine transporter (DAT) in the brain. This study was designed to determine if the DAT levels measured by 99mTc TRODAT SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography) brain scans are altered in cocaine dependent subjects and to explore clinical correlates of such alterations. SPECT brain scans were acquired on 21 cocaine dependent subjects and 21 healthy matched controls. There were significantly higher DAT levels in cocaine dependent subjects compared to controls for the anterior putamen (p=0.003; Cohen's d effect size=0.98), posterior putamen (p<0.001; effect size=1.32), and caudate (p=0.003; effect size=0.97). DAT levels in these regions were 10%, 17%, and 8% higher in the cocaine dependent subjects compared to controls. DAT levels were unrelated to craving, severity of cocaine use, or duration of cocaine use, but DAT levels in the caudate and anterior putamen were significantly (p<0.05) negatively correlated with days since last use of cocaine.

The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and timing of sudden gains over the course of brief, psychodynamically oriented treatment for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Data were used from two studies of brief (i.e., 16-session) supportive-expressive psychotherapy for GAD. Anxiety symptoms were measured at every weekly treatment session. Sudden gains in anxiety symptoms were defined to parallel previous research on sudden gains in major depressive disorder (MDD). Overall, sudden gains were found for 11 of 68 participants (16.2%), with 4 (36.4%) of these patients experiencing reversals of these gains and losing over 50% of the sudden gain during subsequent treatment sessions. Applying a baseline severity cutoff and a duration criteria similar to those used in previous studies of sudden gains resulted in 10 of 29 (34.5%) patients showing sudden gains. Of these sudden gainers, 4 (40.0%) experienced a reversal and 7 (70%) experienced an upwards spike in symptoms during their psychotherapy course. When defined in a parallel fashion, rates of sudden gains in GAD are similar to those found in MDD, although anxiety symptoms are highly variable.