Abstract-The design, synthesis and study of internally fluorescent hammerhead (HH) ribozymes, where changes in fluorescence parameters directly reflect the progress of the ribozyme's cleavage chemistry, are described. The approach relies on a HH substrate modified at position 1.1, proximal to the cleavage site, with 2-aminopurine (2AP), an intensely fluorescent adenosine isoster. The incorporation of 2AP, an unnatural nucleoside, does not interfere with the ribozyme folding and catalysis. Since 2AP is highly sensitive to environmental changes, its fluorescence is dramatically altered upon ribozyme-mediated cleavage of the substrate. This generates a measurable signal that directly reflects the progress of the ribozyme's reaction in real time. Identical pseudo first order rate constants are obtained for HH constructs using both continuous fluorescence monitoring and radioactive labeling. This rapid and real-time monitoring facilitates the study of ribozyme activity under different conditions (e.g., ionic strength, pH, etc.), and provides a useful assay to rapidly screen potential inhibitors. Three hitherto unknown HH inhibitors are presented and compared to neomycin B and chlortetracycline, two previously studied HH inhibitors. All three new small molecules, neo-acridine, guanidinoneomycin B, and [Á-(Eilatin)Ru(bpy) 2 ] 2+ , prove to be better inhibitors than neomycin B or chlortetracycline. Investigating HH inhibition under different ionic strengths reveals that the binding of neo-acridine, [Á-(Eilatin)Ru(bpy) 2 ] 2+ , and chlortetracycline to the HH involves hydrophobic interactions as their RNA affinities are largely unaffected by increasing salt concentrations. In contrast, neomycin B loses more than 50-fold of its inhibitory ability as the NaCl concentration is increased from 50 to 500 mM. #
Research experiences are widely understood
to be valuable for the
intellectual and professional development of undergraduate science
students. Course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs)
have become popular as a means of engaging large numbers of students
in research by leveraging institutional supports for laboratory courses.
At Willamette University, we have adapted a guided-inquiry experiment
that gave unexpected results into a CURE in the lower-division organic
chemistry curriculum. This experience has engaged several cohorts
of students in a 7 week investigation focused on identifying the mechanistic
origin of a nonstereospecific hydroxybromination of Z-stilbene, an observation that contradicts how this addition reaction
is presented in standard organic chemistry curricula. Each year, the
cohort experimentally “discovers” the anomalous stereochemical
outcome of the addition reaction. Students then participate in a workshop
focused on developing mechanistic hypotheses that can account for
the result and on designing experiments that will address their hypotheses.
Over the next three lab sessions, students execute their experiments,
reconsidering and revising their hypotheses as their data dictate.
The experience culminates in formal oral and written presentations
of results. Student perceptions of the pedagogical value of the CURE,
the effect of the lab on their self-efficacy, and the novelty of research
being conducted were assessed in multiple class cohorts, while faculty
perceptions of changes in student behavior and skill were also documented.
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