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Highlights Increased agricultural investments alone will not achieve SDG2 in Africa; complementary non-ag investments will be needed. Climate change could lead to 16 million more people at risk of hunger compared to a scenario without climate change. Investment in agriculture can more than compensate for the negative effects of climate change. Enhanced agricultural R&D can reduce the prevalence of hunger by 55 million people in Africa. Multi-model ensemble used to more holistically assess cost and benefits of increased agricultural investments in Africa.

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Sustainable food systems require the integration of, and alignment between, recommendations for food and land use practices -as well as the understanding of the political economy context and identification of entry points for change. We propose a Food Systems Transformation Framework that takes these elements into account and links long-term goals with short-term measures and policies, ultimately guiding the decomposition of transformation pathways into concrete steps. Taking the transition to healthier and more sustainable diets as example, we underscore the centrality of social inclusion to the food systems transformation debate.