Intrinsically smart, metal matrix composites (MMCs) are lightweight and highperformance materials having ever expanding industrial applications. The structural and the functional properties of these materials can be altered as per the industrial demands.The process technologies indulged in fabrication and machining of these materials attract the researchers and industrial community. Hybrid Electric discharge machining is a promising and the most reliable non-conventional machining process for MMCs. It exhibits higher competence for machining complex shapes with greater accuracy. This paper presents an up-to-date review of progress and benefits of different routes for fabrication and machining of composites. It reports certain practical analysis and research findings including various issues on fabrication and machining of MMCs. It is concluded that polycrystalline tools and diamond coated tools are best suitable for various conventional machining operations. High speed, small depth of cut and low feed rate are a key to better finish. In addition, hybrid EDM has proved to be an active research area in critical as well as non-conventional machining since last few years. This paper incorporates year wise research work done in fabrication, conventional machining, nonconventional machining and hybrid machining of MMCs. Conclusions and future scope are addressed in the last section of the paper.
Purpose
With technology advances, metallic implants claim to improve the quality and durability of human life. In the recent decade, Ti-6Al-4V biomaterial has been additively manufactured via selective laser melting (SLM) for orthopedic applications. This paper aims to provide state-of-the-art on mechanobiology of these fabricated components.
Design/methodology/approach
A literature review has been done to explore the potential of SLM fabricated Ti-6Al-4V porous lattice structures (LS) as bone substitutes. The emphasize was on the effect of process parameters and porosity on mechanical and biological properties. The papers published since 2007 were considered here. The keywords used to search were porous Ti-6Al-4V, additive manufacturing, metal three-dimensional printing, osseointegration, porous LS, SLM, in vitro and in vivo.
Findings
The properties of SLM porous biomaterials were compared with different human bones, and bulk SLM fabricated Ti-6Al-4V structures. The comparison was also made between LS with different unit cells to find out whether there is any particular design that can mimic the human bone functionality and enhance osseointegration.
Originality/value
The implant porosity plays a crucial role in mechanical and biological characteristics that relies on the optimum controlled process variables and design attributes. It was also indicated that although the mechanical strength (compressive and fatigue) of porous LS is not mostly close to natural cortical bone, elastic modulus can be adjusted to match that of cortical or cancellous bone. Porous Ti-6Al-4V provide favorable bone formation. However, the effect of design variables on biological behavior cannot be fully conclusive as few studies have been dedicated to this.
Analyses of sjw-Monooleyl-disaturated Triglycerides 167 angular distribution of intensity of scattered light is described.4. Measurements of turbidity, dissymmetry, refractive index increment and depolarization were made on solutions of four cellulose acetate fractions whose molecular weight had been otherwise determined. The molecular weights calculated from the optical measurements agreed within 8% of those measured by other means.5. The empirical constant, µ, which characterizes the deviation from van't Hoff law behavior was found to be 0.45 ± 0.01 by light scattering measurements as compared with 0.43 =±= 0.005 based on osmotic pressure measurements for the cellulose acetate-acetone system.6. The angular variation of intensity is found to be in agreement with the theoretical prediction.7. The comparison of the measured dissymmetry with that predicted theoretically for a rodshaped or random coil molecule indicates that the cellulose acetate molecule in acetone solution is rather extended up to a molecular weight of about 80,000. At higher molecular weights the molecule may coil back on itself to a degree that increases rapidly with molecular weight. Brooklyn, N. Y.
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