Sequential anodic and cathodic pulse voltages were applied on anodized Al micro-electrodes in alkaline silicate electrolyte to explore the role of cathodic pulse in AC or bipolar plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process. SEM observation was carried out to observe the sites of anodic and cathodic breakdown and their morphologies. The prior anodic breakdown accelerated the cathodic breakdown at -50 V, and the acceleration was associated with the preferential cathodic breakdown at the anodic breakdown sites. However, the succeeding anodic breakdown during applying anodic pulse of 420 V for 2 ms was highly suppressed at the cathodic breakdown sites.
Banking firms like other service providing firms are trying to improve their service quality to make customers satisfied with their services in order to survive in the dynamic business environment. This research paper uses the SERVQUAL model to identify the gap between customer expectations and perceptions of the actual service received in public and private banks in India. Outcomes of the study outlined that customers' expectations are more with the private banks and the level of satisfaction is also higher while they deal with the private banks. In order to satisfy the customers the public banks should focus on improving the service in terms of tangibility, reliability, responsiveness and empathy.
In this study sintering of electrochemical conversion products on the surface of AM50 magnesium alloy by the discharges was identified as an essential step in the coating formation in PEO processing. Clay particles were selected as suitable additives because of their relative low melting point and possible reactions with the substrate-electrolyte conversion products. The comparison of coatings formed in electrolytes with and without particles clearly indicates a complete change in the microstructure. In the standard electrolytes the coatings are crystalline while they are amorphous if particles are present though the energy input (process parameters) was more or less the same. Only the presence and incorporation of the particles into the coating has obviously induced a low temperature reactive liquid phase formation process, reaching a coating composition with glass forming ability which is likely due to the fast cooling by the electrolyte. In contrast, the coating formation in standard electrolytes has to be considered more like a solid phase sintering. However the results clearly indicate that the sintering of reaction/conversion products by the high energy discharges is a very important step in the coating formation and that the sintering by the discharges in PEO processing can be influenced by the use of additives similar to traditional sintering processes.
Single pulse anodizing of aluminium micro-electrode has been employed to study the behaviour of dielectric breakdown and subsequent oxide formation on aluminium in alkaline silicate and pentaborate electrolytes. Current transients during applying pulse voltage have been measured, and surface has been observed by scanning electron microscopy. Two types of current transients are observed, depending on the electrolyte and applied voltage. There is a good correlation between the current transient behaviour and the shape of discharge channels. In alkaline silicate electrolyte, circular open pores are healed by increasing the pulse width, but such healing is not obvious in pentaborate electrolyte.
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