Coronaviruses are a large group of RNA viruses that infect a wide range of animal species. The replication strategy of coronaviruses involves recombination and mutation events that lead to the possibility of cross-species transmission. The high plasticity of the viral receptor due to a continuous modification of the host species habitat may be the cause of cross-species transmission that can turn into a threat to other species including the human population. The successive emergence of highly pathogenic coronaviruses such as the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) in 2003, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus in 2012, and the recent SARS-CoV-2 has incentivized a number of studies on the molecular basis of the coronavirus and its pathogenesis. The high degree of interrelatedness between humans and wild and domestic animals and the modification of animal habitats by human urbanization, has favored new viral spreads. Hence, knowledge on the main clinical signs of coronavirus infection in the different hosts and the distinctive molecular characteristics of each coronavirus is essential to prevent the emergence of new coronavirus diseases. The coronavirus infections routinely studied in veterinary medicine must be properly recognized and diagnosed not only to prevent animal disease but also to promote public health.
Una partícula viral de aproximadamente 120 nm ha modificado totalmente lo que sucede en nuestro mundo de 12.000 km de diámetro. La primera epidemia del coronavirus del síndrome respiratorio agudo grave (SARS), y luego la del síndrome respiratorio de Oriente Medio (MERS), alertaron del potencial de transmisión entre especies de esta familia viral. Sin embargo, no fue hasta su tercer gran salto con la pandemia del SARS-CoV-2 que el foco de toda la comunidad científica se centró en ellos. Existen diversos saltos interespecies reportados en medicina veterinaria que no son más que intentos de los coronavirus de perfeccionar su potencial de transmisión para llegar a más de 7 mil millones de huéspedes en quienes replicar. Este artículo describe las características morfológicas y genéticas de los coronavirus, su particular mecanismo de replicación y cómo este influye en su diseminación. Del mismo modo, se describen signos clínicos, lesiones, variantes antigénicas y control mediante vacunación de los principales coronavirus asociados a diferentes especies animales, con un especial énfasis en los antecedentes reportados sobre coronavirus en América Latina.
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