Although radio-frequency (RF) ablation has been accepted as a promising and safe technique for treatment of unresectable hepatic tumors, investigation of its complications has been limited. According to the multicenter (1,139 patients in 11 institutions) survey data of the Korean Study Group of Radiofrequency Ablation, a spectrum of complications occurred after RF ablation of hepatic tumors. The prevalence of major complications was 2.43%. The most common complications were hepatic abscess (0.66%), peritoneal hemorrhage (0.46%), biloma (0.20%), ground pad burn (0.20%), pneumothorax (0.20%), and vasovagal reflex (0.13%). Other complications were biliary stricture, diaphragmatic injury, gastric ulcer, hemothorax, hepatic failure, hepatic infarction, renal infarction, sepsis, and transient ischemic attack. One procedure-related death (0.09%) occurred (due to peritoneal hemorrhage). Three important strategies for decreasing the rate of complications are prevention, early detection, and proper management. A physician who performs RF ablation of hepatic malignancies should be aware of the broad spectrum of major complications so that these strategies can be used.
Bandtail
broadening originating from increasing the polydispersity
of colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) deteriorates open-circuit voltage
(V
OC) and hinders charge-carrier transport
in CQD photovoltaics. The development of colloidal synthetic routes
has enabled preparing monodisperse perovskite CQDs (Pe-CQDs) that
have attracted attention as promising absorbers in CQD photovoltaics.
However, polar-antisolvent-based purification induces the dissolution
and agglomeration of Pe-CQDs, resulting in an irregular size distribution.
Consequently, the photovoltaic performance decreases because of the
increase in Pe-CQD polydispersity. Here, we demonstrate the preparation
of well-purified monodisperse CsPbI3-Pe-CQDs via size selection
on the basis of gel permeation chromatography. Well-purified monodisperse
Pe-CQDs exhibit improved photovoltaic performance and achieve a low
Pe-CQD polydispersity. Furthermore, these Pe-CQDs show higher photoluminescence
quantum yields, narrower full-widths at half-maximum, and lower Urbach
energies, in comparison to irregular-sized Pe-CQDs without size selection.
Therefore, CsPbI3-Pe-CQD solar cells comprising monodisperse
Pe-CQDs show the highest power conversion efficiency (15.3%) and V
OC (1.27 V) among the fully inorganic CsPbI3-Pe-CQD solar cells reported so far.
Microcalcifications with associated ductal changes (11 of 31 [35.5%]) were the most common sonographic findings in high-grade DCIS. An irregular hypoechoic mass with an indistinct and microlobulated margin (13 of 26 [50.0%]) was the most frequent finding in non-high-grade DCIS.
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