No-tillage and organic farming are important strategies to improve soil quality. This study aimed to quantify the effects of the tillage systems and organic management on total organic carbon (TOC), labile C (C L ), and biological indicators in an Acrisol in north-eastern Brazil. Five systems were studied: NV, native vegetation; NT/ORG, no-tillage plus organic fertiliser; NT/CHE, no-tillage plus chemical fertiliser; NT/CHE/ORG, no-tillage plus organic and chemical fertiliser; CT/CHE, conventional tillage plus chemical fertiliser. Soil samples were collected in the 0-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m depths. TOC stocks were higher in NT/CHE/ORG (0-0.10 m, 14.0 Mg/ha; 0.10-0.20 m, 13.0 Mg/ha) and NT/ORG (0-0.10 m, 12.6 Mg/ha; 0.10-0.20 m, 11.6 Mg/ha) than in CT/CHE and NV systems. C L stocks were higher in NT/ORG (3.61 Mg/ha) at 0-0.10 m and in NT/ORG, NT/CHE, and NT/CHE/ORG at 0.10-0.20 m. At 0-0.10 m, microbial biomass C content was higher in the NT/CHE/ORG (190 mg/kg) and NT/ORG (155 mg/kg). Soil microbial respiration rate was similar in all systems. However, qCO 2 was higher in the NT/CHE and CT/CHE systems, suggesting a stress in the soil microbial biomass. No-tillage and organic management promoted positive changes in soil organic carbon and soil microbial properties and improved soil quality.
RESUMOO sistema de plantio direto é uma alternativa viável para o uso sustentável dos solos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a influência do sistema plantio direto com diferentes tempos de implantação e do plantio convencional sobre os atributos químicos e os estoques de C de um Latossolo VermelhoAmarelo do cerrado piauiense. Amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas de 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 e 20-40 cm em sistema de plantio convencional (PC) e plantio direto (PD) com 2 (PD2), 4 (PD4) e 6 (PD6) anos de implantação, além de uma área sob floresta nativa de cerrado (FNC). Foram determinados o pH em água, P extraível (Pext), bases trocáveis, Al, acidez potencial (H+Al), carbono orgânico total (COT) e carbono da biomassa microbiana (C mic ). A adoção do sistema plantio direto aumentou o pH, os teores de P e de bases trocáveis do solo, em comparação com o PC. Em relação ao PC, os estoques de COT e C mic aumentaram 34 e 99% no PD2, 47 e 92% no PD4 e 61 e 108% no PD6, respectivamente, na camada superficial de 0-20 cm. A implantação do sistema plantio direto melhora os atributos químicos e aumenta os estoques de carbono orgânico total e microbiano do solo e seu uso contínuo contribui para a qualidade do solo em áreas do cerrado piauiense.Palavras-chave: sistemas de preparo do solo, fertilidade do solo, carbono da biomassa microbiana, Glycine max L. Chemical attributes and carbon stocks in an Oxisolunder no-tillage in savannah of Piauí state ABSTRACT No-tillage adoption has been considered a viable alternative for sustainable soil use. This work aimed to evaluate the influence of no-tillage system with different times of adoption and conventional tillage on chemical attributes and carbon stocks in an Oxisol of the savannah of Piauí in Northeastern Brazil. Soil samples in the 0-5, 5-10, 10-20 and 20-40 cm layers were collected in conventional tillage (CT) no-tillage (NT) with 2 (NT2), 4 (NT4) and 6 (NT6) years of adoption and native forest (NF). The following chemical properties were evaluated: pH, extractable P, exchangeable cations, Al, potential acidity (H+Al), total organic carbon (TOC) and microbial biomass carbon (C mic ). NT adoption increased pH, extractable P and exchangeable cations contents. Compared to conventional tillage, TOC and C mic stocks increased 34 and 99% (NT2), 47 and 92% (NT4) and 61 and 108% (NT6), respectively, in the superficial layer (0-20 cm). No-tillage adoption improves chemical attributes and increases total organic carbon and microbial carbon and its continuous use contributes to soil quality in savannah soils of Piaui state.
Resumo -A decomposição e liberação de nutrientes de resíduos vegetais podem assumir importante papel no manejo da fertilidade dos solos da região semiárida. Portanto, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar a taxa de decomposição da matéria seca (MS) e liberação de carbono (C) e nutrientes de coquetéis vegetais no Semiárido brasileiro. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, no período de novembro de 2007 a junho de 2008, com coquetéis vegetais compostos por espécies de leguminosas (L) (calopogônio, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis, feijão de porco, guandu, lab-lab) e não leguminosas (NL) (gergelim, girassol, mamona, milheto e sorgo), combinados nos seguintes tratamentos: T1 -100% NL; T2 -100% L; T3 -75% L e 25% NL; T 4 -50% L e 50% NL; T5 -25% L e 75% NL. As taxas de decomposição da MS e liberação dos nutrientes foram monitoradas por meio de coleta dos resíduos, realizadas aos 8; 15; 30; 60; 90; 120; 150; 180 e 210 dias após o início do experimento. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com três repetições. Os coquetéis apresentaram taxas de decomposição de MS e liberação de nutrientes semelhantes, exceto para Ca, Cu e Mn, em que os coquetéis compostos com predominância de espécies NL apresentaram liberação mais rápida. A partir da média dos valores de k para todos os coquetéis estabeleceu-se a seguinte ordem de liberação de macronutrientes: K > N > Ca > Mg > P e de micronutrientes: Fe > Mn > Cu > Zn > B.Palavras-chave -Adubação verde. Macronutrientes. Micronutrientes. Carbono orgânico. Taxa de mineralização. Abstract -The decomposition and release of nutrients from plant residues can play an important role in the maintenance of soil fertility in semi-arid regions. Thus this study aimed to evaluate the rate of decomposition of dry matter (DM) and the release of carbon (C) and nutrients from plant mixtures used as green manure in the Brazilian Semi-arid regions. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, from November 2007 to July 2008, using plant mixtures made up of leguminous species (L) (calopo, Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria spectabilis, jackbean, pigeon pea, lab-lab) and non-leguminous species (NL) (sesame, sunflower, castor, millet and sorghum) combined to give the following treatments: T1 -100% NL, T2 -100% L, T3 -75% L and 25% NL, T4 -50% L and 50% NL, T5 -25% L and 75% NL. The rates of decomposition and the release of nutrients were monitored through collection of the residue at 8; 15; 30; 60; 90; 120; 150; 180 and 210 days after the beginning of the experiment. A randomized-block design was used, with three replications. The mixtures showed similar decomposition rates of DM and nutrient release, except for Ca, Cu and Mn, where the mixtures composed predominantly of NL species showed a higher release rate. From the average values of k for all of the mixtures, it was possible to establish the following order of release of macronutrients: K> N> Ca> Mg> P and micronutrients: Fe> Mn> Cu> Zn> B.
R ESU M OAs relações entre os teores de nutrientes em solos com adubação orgânica e inorgânica e os teores de nutrientes e produtividade de batatinha foram determinadas tal como as relações entre aportes e a lixiviação de N e bases trocáveis. Amostras de solo foram coletadas das camadas de 0-20, 20-40 e 40-60 cm em 18 áreas de produção com adições anuais de esterco variando entre 2 e 40 anos e, como controle, quatro áreas sob pastagem não adubadas. Amostras de solo e planta foram analisadas quanto aos teores de N, P, K, Ca e Mg. A produtividade de tubérculo com padrão comercial apresentou relação positiva com a quantidade de N aplicada e a produtividade total indicou relação com o estoque de N do solo; somente o Ca no solo se correlacionou com os teores na planta mas não com a produtividade. As bases trocáveis aumentaram nas três camadas, de acordo com o aumento do esterco aplicado enquanto no N total o aumento só ocorreu nas camadas de 0-20 e 20-40 cm; por fim, a translocação de nutrientes para camadas mais profundas representa prejuízo econômico e provável risco ambiental. Palavras-chave: Solanum tuberosum, esterco, lixiviaçãoOrganic and inorganic fertilization of potato in sandy soils:Productivity, nutrients in the plant and leaching A B ST R A C T The relationships between the nutrient content in soils fertilized with organic and inorganic sources, and the nutrient contents and productivities of potato as well as the relationships of applications and the leaching of N and exchangeable bases were determined. Soil samples were collected from the 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm layers in 18 areas of potato production receiving annual applications of farm yard manure for the last 2 to 40 years and, as control, four areas under non-fertilized pasture. Soil and plant samples were analysed for N, P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations. The yield of large tubers had a positive relationship with the input of N while total yields related with total soil N. Only Ca in the soil correlated with the levels in the plant, but not with productivity. Exchangeable bases increased in the three layers following increases in applied manure, while total soil N increased only in the 0-20 and 20-40 cm layers. The translocation of nutrients to deeper layers represents economic loss and possible environmental risk.
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