Fatty acids have been recognized as regulators of immune function in addition to their known metabolic role. Long-chain fatty acids bind free fatty acid receptor (FFAR)-1/GPR40, which is expressed on bovine neutrophils, and increase responses such as granule release and gene expression. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms governing the up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and IL-8, as well as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 granule release in FFAR1/GPR40 agonist-stimulated neutrophils. Our results showed that natural (oleic and linoleic acid) and synthetic (GW9508) FFAR1/GPR40 agonists increased ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and Akt phosphorylation, and that the FFAR1/GPR40 antagonist GW1100 reduced these responses. We evaluated the levels of IκBα, a component of the classical activation pathway of the transcription factor NF-κB, and we observed IκBα reduction after stimulation with FFAR1/GPR40 agonists, an effect that was inhibited by GW1100 or the inhibitors UO126, SB203580 or LY294002. FFAR1/GPR40 agonists increased COX-2 and IL-8 expression, which was inhibited by GW1100 and an NF-κB inhibitor. Finally, the FFAR1/GPR40 agonist-induced MMP-9 granule release was reduced by GW1100 and UO126. In conclusion, FFAR1/GPR40 agonists differentially stimulate neutrophil functions; COX-2 and IL-8 are expressed after FFAR1/GPR40 activation via NF-κB, IκBα reduction is FFAR1/GPR40- and PI3K/MAPK-dependent, and MMP-9 granule release is FFAR1/GPR40- and ERK1/2-dependent.
<p>Con el fin de evaluar una alternativa "ecológica" para el control de gusano blanco de la papa (<em>Premnotrypes vorax</em>), se trabajó con seis aislamientos de <em>Beauveria bassiana </em>y uno de <em>Metarhizium anisopliae</em>, nativos del departamento de Nariño, Colombia. Inicialmente se estudió su patogenicidad y variabilidad en condiciones de laboratorio usando una concentración de 1x107 esporas.ml-1, observándose que todos los aislamientos fueron patogénicos para el gusano blanco. Sin embargo, se presentaron diferencias significativas entre la mortalidad causada por éstos (F7,14 = 4.64; P<0.0001) pues la mortalidad varió desde 13.3% para Bb2 hasta 96.6% para Bb5. Posteriormente, se establecieron las concentraciones letales mediante Probit - Analysis de Raymons (1985), para cada aislamiento y en dos estadios de desarrollo de <em>P. vorax </em>(larvas y adultos). Los resultados obtenidos presentaron una relación positiva concentración/mortalidad, y los X2 calculados demostraron que los datos fueron homogéneos y se ajustaron a la línea de regresión con un nivel de confianza del 95%. En ambos estadios, los aislamientos Bb4, Bb5, Bb7 y Bb8 presentaron los porcentajes de mortalidad más altos; por esto, la línea base de mortalidad pudo ser establecida con mayor confianza y las CL99 fueron las más bajas, razón por la que fueron preseleccionados para un futuro estudio en campo.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>CL50 and pathogenic power of </strong><strong><em>Beauveria bassiana </em></strong><strong>and </strong><strong><em>Metharizium anisopliae </em></strong><strong>isolates infecting </strong><strong><em>Premnotrypes vorax </em></strong><strong>populations</strong></p><p>In order to evaluate an “ecologic” alternative for the control of the white worm potato (<em>Premnotrypes vorax</em>), were studied six <em>Beauveria bassiana </em>and one of <em>Metharizium anisopliae </em>isolates, native of Nariño, Colombia.Their pathogenicity and variability were observed under laboratory conditions using a concentration of 1x107 spores.ml-1. All the biocontrol densities evaluated were pathogenic to <em>P. vorax</em>; however, there were big differences among the mortality caused by the isolates (F7,14 = 4.64; P<0.0001), they varied from 13.3% for Bb2 up to 96.6% for Bb5. Later, on lethal concentration made by Probit - Raymon’s analysis (1985), was established for each isolate in two development phases of <em>P. vorax </em>(larve and adults).The results presented a positive relation concentration/mortality and the calculated X2 proved that the data were homogeneous and adjusted to the linear regression with a 95% level of confidence. The higher mortality percentage was found in the two phases of the isolates Bb4, Bb5, Bb7 and Bb8, for that, there was security to establish the mortality base line; on the other hand, the CL99 where smaller, reason why they were pre selected for a future field study.</p>
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