Objective: This article presents a study of the change over time in the family interactions of couples who conceived through in-vitro fertilisation (IVF). Background: Observational methods are rarely used to study family interactions in families who used assisted reproductive techniques, but these methods are crucial for taking account of the communication that occurs in interactions with infants. Methods: Thirty-one couples expecting their first child were seen during the fifth month of pregnancy and when the child was nine months old. Family interactions were recorded in pre-and postnatal versions of the Lausanne Trilogue Play situation. Measures of marital satisfaction and parent-to-foetus/baby attachment or 'bonding' were also used to assess family relational dynamics. Results: Results showed that family alliance, marital satisfaction and parental attachment scores in the IVF sample were all similar to or higher than those in the reference sample during pregnancy. However, at nine months postnatally, the family alliance scores were lower. While marital satisfaction decreased over the period and parent-baby attachment increased, the family alliance scores were unstable, as no association was observed between the pre-and postnatal scores. In addition, neither prenatal marital satisfaction nor parent-foetus attachment predicted the postnatal family alliance. Conclusion: The change in the family alliance over the transition to parenthood appears to be specific to our IVF sample. Given that postnatal family functioning could not be predicted by prenatal family functioning, our observational data underline the importance of offering postnatal support to these families.
Observing infants in triadic situations has revealed their triangular competence; namely, their ability to interact with both parents by simultaneously sharing their attention and affects with them. Infants' triangular interaction is linked with the coparenting unit's degree of coordination; in high-coordination (HC) families, parents act as a team in relation to the child, thus drawing clear and flexible boundaries with them; in low-coordination (LC) families, parents either avoid direct interaction with each other and include the child in their unit or join together against the child and exclude him or her, thus drawing inconsistent boundaries with the child. We explored the interactive strategies of LC 9-month-olds (n = 15) with those of their parents, comparing them with HC parents (n = 23) in two conditions: playing with both parents at the same time and witnessing their parents' dialogue. LC infants' affects were less positive; they addressed fewer positive triangular bids to their parents and tended to use a less triangular interactive mode. Thus, LC infants had fewer opportunities than did HC infants to acquire skills necessary for coping with triangular interaction.
Cad. Saúde Colet., 2014, Rio de Janeiro, 22 (4): 393-400Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a frequência do estresse e identificar fatores estressores em mães e cuidadoras de crianças e adolescentes com asma, atendidas em um ambulatório público de pneumologia pediátrica do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Realizou-se estudo observacional, descritivo, quantitativo e qualitativo com 53 mães e cuidadoras de crianças/adolescentes com idades entre 2 e 12 anos que apresentavam diagnóstico de asma. Os resultados demonstraram a presença de níveis de estresse em 86,8% das entrevistadas. Houve associação entre o estresse e o tempo da primeira crise de asma da criança/adolescente, tempo de uso do medicamento, quantidade de estressores em relação à asma infantil e a escolaridade das mães/cuidadoras. Foram identificados como estressores fatores familiares, sociais, econômicos e emocionais, incluindo o cuidado da criança com asma. Identificar os fatores estressores relacionados à asma torna-se importante passo para a compreensão da doença, para a condução do tratamento nas crianças e, consequentemente, para o gerenciamento do estresse. AbstractThe objective of this study was to describe the frequency of stress and identify stressors in mothers and caregivers of children and adolescents with asthma attended in a pneumology public pediatric outpatient clinic in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Observational, descriptive, quantitative and qualitative study, with 53 mothers and caregivers of children/adolescents diagnosed with asthma, aged 2 to 12 years. The results demonstrated the presence of stress levels in 86.8% of participants. There was association between stress and the time since asthma onset, time the child/adolescent had been using medication, number of stressors regarding the childhood asthma and the education level of the mother/caregiver. The study identified family, social, economic and emotional factors as stressors, including the care of children with asthma. Identifying stressors related to asthma is an important step towards understanding the disease, treating the condition in children and, consequently, dealing with stress management.
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