Background: Current manual diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening using eye care experts cannot scale to screen the growing population of diabetes patients who are at risk for vision loss. EyeArt system is an automated, cloud-based artificial intelligence (AI) eye screening technology designed to easily detect referral-warranted DR immediately through automated analysis of patient's retinal images.Methods: This retrospective study assessed the diagnostic efficacy of the EyeArt system v2.0 analyzing 850,908 fundus images from 101,710 consecutive patient visits, collected from 404 primary care clinics. Presence or absence of referral-warranted DR (more than mild nonproliferative DR [NPDR]) was automatically detected by the EyeArt system for each patient encounter, and its performance was compared against a clinical reference standard of quality-assured grading by rigorously trained certified ophthalmologists and optometrists.Results: Of the 101,710 visits, 75.7% were nonreferable, 19.3% were referable to an eye care specialist, and in 5.0%, the DR level was unknown as per the clinical reference standard. EyeArt screening had 91.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 90.9–91.7) sensitivity and 91.1% (95% CI: 90.9–91.3) specificity. For 5446 encounters with potentially treatable DR (more than moderate NPDR and/or diabetic macular edema), the system provided a positive “refer” output to 5363 encounters achieving sensitivity of 98.5%.Conclusions: This study captures variations in real-world clinical practice and shows that an AI DR screening system can be safe and effective in the real world. This study demonstrates the value of this easy-to-use, automated tool for endocrinologists, diabetologists, and general practitioners to address the growing need for DR screening and monitoring.
A new class of cationic bile acid derivatives was synthesized to gel water and aqueous electrolyte solutions. Investigations on these hydrogels are carried out at different length scales by a combination of physical techniques. Each of these hydrogels exhibits unique characteristics, thus providing a spectrum of thermal, optical, and mechanical properties. X-ray crystallographic investigation of the single crystals of two of the gelators shows significant differences in the solid-state packing. X-ray scattering experiments indicate that the gel state consists of a different morph than that in the solid. Electron microscopic investigations of the xerogels reveal the fibrous nature of the gel structure. These fibers are associated mainly through bundling processes. A detailed rheological study reveals significant differences in the mechanical properties of the three hydrogels. The storage modulus varies in the range (0.2−2) × 105 Pa at C = 2 wt % for these systems. The exponents of the scaling of the rheological parameters with the concentration for two of the systems agree well with those expected for cellular solids or strongly interacting colloidal gels. A third system exhibits a singular behavior with the energy of interaction between the colloidal flocs increasing with the concentration.
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