Abstract:The present study evaluated the microbiological risk for roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW), with Campylobacter as the pathogenic microorganism of reference, using a Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). QMRA has been widely used as an alternative method for epidemiological assessment of human exposure to microorganisms that can cause diseases, through a four-step process: hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose-response assessment, and risk characterization. The results presented drinking as the water use with the highest median value for microbiological risk, with 3.4 × 10 −4 disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) per person per year (pppy), and bathing, food washing, hose irrigation and toilet flushing with median values of 6.5 × 10 −7 , 4.0 × 10 −7 , 2.1 × 10 −7 and 1.4 × 10 −7 DALYs pppy, respectively. Therefore, drinking would be the only water use that would require preliminary treatment for its safe use, considering the acceptable risk standards set by the World Health Organization for drinking water. However, with the adoption of a sanitary barrier and a simple point-of-use treatment system, it was observed that drinking rainwater would have a median microbiological risk of 2 × 10 −6 DALYs pppy, enough to meet the safety criteria considering developing countries.
ResumoO aproveitamento da água de chuva no Semiárido tem contribuído para a melhoria da condição de vida da população, evidenciada pela redução da prevalência das doenças diarreicas. Essa melhoria pode ser ainda maior se forem tomados cuidados com a retirada da água da cisterna, o que pode ser feito por meio do uso de bomba. Entretanto, encontra-se um baixo percentual de utilização desses dispositivos. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o desempenho hidráulico de uma bomba manual e o esforço físico necessário para sua operação. A pesquisa foi realizada na Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana com a instalação de uma bomba manual em uma cisterna para diferentes alturas, sendo realizados 10 ensaios com operadores diferentes recrutados entre os estudantes e funcionários do curso de engenharia civil. O operador devia manter uma cadência de 60 batidas por minuto e um deslocamento do êmbolo de 30cm, indicado por uma marca de tinta. Para cada ensaio, foi registrado o tempo necessário para encher um recipiente de 10,0L, o número de batidas e a frequência cardíaca do operador antes e depois do teste. Verificou-se que a bomba manual é capaz de retirar água da cisterna a uma vazão maior que 10,0L/minuto, com um esforço que poderia ser classificado como leve a moderado, concluindo que esse tipo de equipamento é adequado para uso pela população local.Palavras-chave: qualidade da água de cisterna, bomba manual, desempenho hidráulico, custo energético. AbstractRainwater harvesting in the semiarid region has contributed to the improvement of people's living condition, as evidenced by the reduction of the prevalence of diarrheal diseases. This improvement may be even greater if care is taken with the removal of water from the cistern, which can be done by using the pump. However, there is a low percentage of use of such devices. The aim of this study was to analyze the hydraulic performance of a manual pump and the physical effort required for its operation. The research was conducted at the State University of Feira de Santana with the installation of a hand pump in a cistern and each time were performed 10 trials with different operators recruited from among the students and staff of the Civil Engineering course. The operator must maintain a rate of 60 beats per minute and a displacement of the piston 30 cm denoted by an ink mark. For each test it was recorded the time needed to fill a 10.0 L container and the number of beats and the heart rate of the operator before and after the test. It was found that the hand pump is capable of removing water from the cistern to a higher flow than 10.0 L / minute with an effort that could be classified as mild to moderate, concluded that this type of equipment is suitable for use by local population.
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