Mechanisms of LC deformation in glaucoma include focal loss of laminar beams, which may cause an acquired pit of the optic nerve in extreme cases.Focal LC defects occur in tandem with neuroretinal rim and visual field loss.

Objectives/Hypothesis To evaluate the prevalence, characteristics, and associated risk factors of tinnitus in U.S. adolescents. Study Design Cross‐sectional analyses of U.S. representative demographic and audiometric data, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005 to 2008. Methods The study population consisted of 3,520 individuals aged 12 to 19 years with complete tinnitus‐related data. Tinnitus was defined as the presence of ringing or buzzing in the ears lasting for at least 5 minutes during the preceding 12 months. In addition, we defined a chronic tinnitus subgroup as being bothered by tinnitus for more than 3 months. Demographic and other data regarding tinnitus, smoking, body mass index (BMI), anemia, hypertension, history of ear infections, tympanostomy tube placement, otoscopy, tympanometry and hearing thresholds, history of firearm use, and recreational and occupational exposure to noise were extracted and analyzed. Results Overall, tinnitus lasting 5 minutes or more in the preceding 12 months was reported by 7.5% of the 12‐ to 19‐year‐old population. This represents about 2.5 million adolescents in the United States. The prevalence of chronic tinnitus was 4.7%, corresponding to about 1.6 million adolescents in the United States. Multivariable‐adjusted analysis revealed that both overall and chronic tinnitus were associated with female gender, low income, exposure to passive smoking, type A tympanogram, and occupational and recreational noise exposure. History of ≥3 ear infections and history of tympanostomy tube placement were associated only with overall tinnitus. Conclusions Tinnitus afflicts a substantial portion of the youth population. Further investigation of the association between tinnitus and the identified risk factors is warranted. Level of Evidence N/A. Laryngoscope, 123:2001–2008, 2013

Sildenafil administration during testicular torsion decreased ischemia/reperfusion cellular damage. The results of biochemical studies suggest that, reduction of oxidative stress by sildenafil may have a major role in its cytoprotective effects.

The LC has a central ridge ranging from the temporal to the nasal insertion areas and inserts more posteriorly in the superior and inferior than in the nasal and temporal regions. Further investigation is needed to elucidate the significance of these findings in the pathophysiology of glaucoma.

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