Dermatologic pathologies are the fourth most common cause of non-fatal disease worldwide; however, they produce a psychosocial, economic, and occupational impact equal to or greater than other chronic conditions. The most prevalent are actinic keratosis, followed by basal-cell carcinoma, in a lesser proportion acne vulgaris, psoriasis, and hidradenitis suppurativa, among others, and more rarely dermatitis herpetiformis. To treat actinic keratosis and basal-cell carcinoma, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) 0.5% is administered topically with good results, although in certain patients it produces severe toxicity. On the other hand, dapsone is a drug commonly used in inflammatory skin conditions such as dermatitis herpetiformis; however, it occasionally causes hemolytic anemia. Additionally, biologic drugs indicated for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa have proved to be effective and safe; nevertheless, a small percentage of patients do not respond to treatment with biologics in the long term or they are ineffective. This interindividual variability in response may be due to alterations in genes that encode proteins involved in the pathologic environment of the disease or the mechanism of action of the medication. Pharmacogenetics studies the relationship between genetic variations and drug response, which is useful for the early identification of non-responsive patients and those with a higher risk of developing toxicity upon treatment. This review describes the pharmacogenetic recommendations with the strongest evidence at present for the treatments used in dermatology, highlighting those included in clinical practice guides. Currently, we could only find pharmacogenetic clinical guidelines for 5-FU. However, the summary of product characteristics for dapsone contains a pharmacogenetic recommendation from the United States Food and Drug Administration. Finally, there is an enormous amount of information from pharmacogenetic studies in patients with dermatologic pathologies (mainly psoriasis) treated with biologic therapies, but they need to be validated in order to be included in clinical practice guides.
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) were first described by Friedenstein et al. as bone marrow cells with fibroblastic morphology and osteogenic character. 1,2 This non-hematopoietic undifferentiated cell population derives from the mesoderm with clonogenic character and has proved able to adhere to plastic in in vitro cultures.The main characteristics of MSCs are their colony-forming capacity, adherence to plastic, expansion in in vitro cultures, and their pluripotential character, conferring them with potential osteogenic, adipogenic and chondrogenic capacities. They are also characterized by certain surface markers, showing positive CD44, CD73, CD90 and CD105 expression and negative CD14, CD11b, CD19, CD79a, CD34, CD45 and HLA-DR expression. [3][4][5][6][7][8] MSCs have been isolated from peripheral blood, umbilical cord, amniotic fluid, placenta, and articular cartilage, among other tissues. 9-15 However, hematopoietic and adipose tissues are the most widely used sources due to their easier availability and processing. 5,10
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.