Nowadays, coronavirus (COVID-19) is getting international attention due it considered as a life-threatened epidemic disease that hard to control the spread of infection around the world. Machine learning (ML) is one of intelligent technique that able to automatically predict the event with reasonable accuracy based on the experience and learning process. In the meantime, a rapid number of ML models have been proposed for predicate the cases of COVID-19. Thus, there is need for an evaluation and benchmarking of COVID-19 ML models which considered the main challenge of this study. Furthermore, there is no single study have addressed the problem of evaluation and benchmarking of COVID diagnosis models. However, this study proposed an intelligent methodology is to help the health organisations in the selection COVID-19 diagnosis system. The benchmarking and evaluation of diagnostic models for COVID-19 is not a trivial process. There are multiple criteria requires to evaluate and some of the criteria are conflicting with each other. Our study is formulated as a decision matrix (DM) that embedded mix of ten evaluation criteria and twelve diagnostic models for COVID-19. The multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method is employed to evaluate and benchmarking the different diagnostic models for COVID19 with respect to the evaluation criteria. An integrated MCDM method are proposed where TOPSIS applied for the benchmarking and ranking purpose while Entropy used to calculate the weights of criteria. The study results revealed that the benchmarking and selection problems associated with COVID19 diagnosis models can be effectively solved using the integration of Entropy and TOPSIS. The SVM (linear) classifier is selected as the best diagnosis model for COVID19 with the closeness coefficient value of 0.9899 for our case study data. Furthermore, the proposed methodology has solved the significant variance for each criterion in terms of ideal best and worst best value, beside issue when specific diagnosis models have same ideal best value. INDEX TERMS COVID19 diagnostic, machine learning, benchmarking methodology, chest X-rays images, entropy, TOPSIS, multi-criteria decision-making. The associate editor coordinating the review of this manuscript and approving it for publication was Zheng Xiao .

The outbreaks of Coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic have increased the pressure on healthcare and medical systems worldwide. The timely diagnosis of infected patients is a critical step to limit the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic. The chest radiography imaging has shown to be an effective screening technique in diagnosing the COVID-19 epidemic. To reduce the pressure on radiologists and control of the epidemic, fast and accurate a hybrid deep learning framework for diagnosing COVID-19 virus in chest X-ray images is developed and termed as the COVID-CheXNet system. First, the contrast of the X-ray image was enhanced and the noise level was reduced using the contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization and Butterworth bandpass filter, respectively. This was followed by fusing the results obtained from two different pre-trained deep learning models based on the incorporation of a ResNet34 and high-resolution network model trained using a large-scale dataset. Herein, the parallel architecture was considered, which provides radiologists with a high degree of confidence to discriminate between the healthy and COVID-19 infected people. The proposed COVID-CheXNet system has managed to correctly and accurately diagnose the COVID-19 patients with a detection accuracy rate of 99.99%, sensitivity of 99.98%, specificity of 100%, precision of 100%, F1-score of 99.99%, MSE of 0.011%, and RMSE of 0.012% using the weighted sum rule at the score-level. The efficiency and usefulness of the proposed COVID-CheXNet system are established along with the possibility of using it in real clinical centers for fast diagnosis and treatment supplement, with less than 2 s per image to get the prediction result. Keywords Coronavirus COVID-19 epidemic Á Deep learning Á Transfer learning Á ResNet34 model Á Chest radiography imaging Á Chest X-ray images Communicated by Valentina E. Balas.

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Systems based on fog computing produce massive amounts of data; accordingly, an increasing number of fog computing apps and services are emerging. In addition, machine learning (ML), which is an essential area, has gained considerable progress in various research domains, including robotics, neuromorphic computing, computer graphics, natural language processing (NLP), decision-making, and speech recognition. Several researches have been proposed that study how to employ ML to settle fog computing problems. In recent years, an increasing trend has been observed in adopting ML to enhance fog computing applications and provide fog services, like efficient resource management, security, mitigating latency and energy consumption, and traffic modeling. Based on our understanding and knowledge, there is no study has yet investigated the role of ML in the fog computing paradigm. Accordingly, the current research shed light on presenting an overview of the ML functions in fog computing area. The ML application for fog computing become strong end-user and high layers services to gain profound analytics and more smart responses for needed tasks. We present a comprehensive review to underline the latest improvements in ML techniques that are associated with three aspects of fog computing: management of resource, accuracy, and security. The role of ML in edge computing is also highlighted. Moreover, other perspectives related to the ML domain, such as types of application support, technique, and dataset are provided. Lastly, research challenges and open issues are discussed.INDEX TERMS Fog computing, machine learning, Internet of Things (IoT), applications.

Voice pathology disorders can be effectively detected using computer-aided voice pathology classification tools. These tools can diagnose voice pathologies at an early stage and offering appropriate treatment. This study aims to develop a powerful feature extraction voice pathology detection tool based on Deep Learning. In this paper, a pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was applied to a dataset of voice pathology to maximize the classification accuracy. This study also proposes a distinguished training method combined with various training strategies in order to generalize the application of the proposed system on a wide range of problems related to voice disorders. The proposed system has tested using a voice database, namely the Saarbrücken voice database (SVD). The experimental results show the proposed CNN method for speech pathology detection achieves accuracy up to 95.41%. It also obtains 94.22% and 96.13% for F1-Score and Recall. The proposed system shows a high capability of the real-clinical application that offering a fast-automatic diagnosis and treatment solutions within 3 s to achieve the classification accuracy.

epidemic outbreak has devastating effects on daily lives and healthcare systems worldwide. This newly recognized virus is highly transmissible, and no clinically approved vaccine or antiviral medicine is currently available. Early diagnosis of infected patients through effective screening is needed to control the rapid spread of this virus. Chest radiography imaging is an effective diagnosis tool for COVID-19 virus and followup. Here, a novel hybrid multimodal deep learning system for identifying COVID-19 virus in chest X-ray (CX-R) images is developed and termed as the COVID-DeepNet system to aid expert radiologists in rapid and accurate image interpretation. First, Contrast-Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE) and Butterworth bandpass filter were applied to enhance the contrast and eliminate the noise in CX-R images, respectively. Results from two different deep learning approaches based on the incorporation of a deep belief network and a convolutional deep belief network trained from scratch using a large-scale dataset were then fused. Parallel architecture, which provides radiologists a high degree of confidence to distinguish healthy and COVID-19 infected people, was considered. The proposed COVID-DeepNet system can correctly and accurately diagnose patients with COVID-19 with a detection accuracy rate of 99.93%, sensitivity of 99.90%, specificity of 100%, precision of 100%, F1-score of 99.93%, MSE of 0.021%, and RMSE of 0.016% in a large-scale dataset. This system shows efficiency and accuracy and

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Until now, an effective defense method against Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks is yet to be offered by security systems. Incidents of serious damage due to DDoS attacks have been increasing, thereby leading to an urgent need for new attack identification, mitigation, and prevention mechanisms. To prevent DDoS attacks, the basic features of the attacks need to be dynamically analyzed because their patterns, ports, and protocols or operation mechanisms are rapidly changed and manipulated. Most of the proposed DDoS defense methods have different types of drawbacks and limitations. Some of these methods have signature-based defense mechanisms that fail to identify new attacks and others have anomaly-based defense mechanisms that are limited to specific types of DDoS attacks and yet to be applied in open environments. Subsequently, extensive research on applying artificial intelligence and statistical techniques in the defense methods has been conducted in order to identify, mitigate, and prevent these attacks. However, the most appropriate and effective defense features, mechanisms, techniques, and methods for handling such attacks remain to be an open question. This review paper focuses on the most common defense methods against DDoS attacks that adopt artificial intelligence and statistical approaches. Additionally, the review classifies and illustrates the attack types, the testing properties, the evaluation methods and the testing datasets that are utilized in the methodology of the proposed defense methods. Finally, this review provides a guideline and possible points of encampments for developing improved solution models of defense methods against DDoS attacks. INDEX TERMS DDoS attack, DDoS defense, artificial intelligence technique, statistical technique.