Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is growing fastly the world is witnessing.  The incidence of alarming concern to health care providers is rapidly rising. The main burden of this disease will fall on all developing countries. The number of diabetic patients will reach 300 million by the end of 2025 it is known through the estimation mostly developing countries will have such a dramatic and significant impacts. Methodology: The quantitative descriptive cross-sectional study design was used with convenient sampling (n=142) from Services Hospital Lahore. Using the questioner consist of 34 items data was analyzed through spss21 version descriptive analyses and the chi-square test with (p=<0.05) was used. Results: Findings of the study that only 19% had good knowledge they answered 8 or more correct responses remaining 81% participants answered less than 50% correct responses had poor knowledge. The 41.5% had positive attitude with diabetic diet while the remaining 58.5% were having negative attitude. The findings also revealed that only 17.6% had good practices they answered 50% and above correct responses while the others 82.4% participants answered less than 50% correct responses and were doing poor practices about the diabetic diet. The significant association was found between the gender and patient’s knowledge and no significant association between the education and patient’s dietary knowledge. Conclusion: The diabetes type 2 patients should have up to mark dietary, knowledge, and keep it in practicing well. It will, prevent from diabetes complications. There is need to improve the patients knowledge and provide education them.Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 5(2): 227-236

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The 17th century Mughal mortar and plaster samples were collected from Akbari-Serai (Shahdara) in the city of Lahore, Pakistan. The samples were studied employing chemical, mineralogical and micro-structural techniques consisting of X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The mortars and plasters were based on calcitic lime binder prepared by the calcinations of locally available lime nodules (kankar-CaCO3) from soil horizon, differing in the type and proportion of aggregates used, including crushed bricks, broken kankar pieces, brick kiln furnace slag and a small fraction of siliceous sand. The results showed varying binder aggregate ratio and also indicated different chemical composition according to the function of mortars and plasters in the masonry unit.

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The mosque has served as one of the most important institutions of the Muslim world at all times. This paper outlines the religious function of a mosque and explains the architectural scheme to fulfill the required function. Numerous historical mosques have been built by the Muslims in different parts of the world. These are famous on account of their attractive architecture, attention to detail and wider horizontal as well as vertical arrangements. The city of Lahore possesses a heritage of different civilizations, which include Pathan, Mughal, Sikh and British. A number of historic mosques built from the Pathan to the British period were surveyed to analyze early mosque architecture. The study of the prominent congregational mosques, before the establishment of Pakistan and the post-independence mosques shows influence from the Prophet's (SAW) Mosque in Madina-al-Munawara. An analysis concludes that historical mosques were magnificent and a great source of inspiration for the post-independence mosque architecture. Thus, there is a need to conserve them with all their original architectural and decorative features for future generations.

The British colonial buildings in the city of Lahore were mainly constructed with fair face bricks. The different forms and decorative styles of bricks were used in the building facade that formed the characteristic British Colonial Style. This study focuses on the comparative analysis of the contemporary and colonial bricks for their durability and salt deposits in the present scenario. The representative brick samples have been collected from the selected buildings for their physical, mechanical and chemical testing, to generate data for comparative analysis in addition to the visual examination of buildings for the study of deterioration factors. The results clearly depict that the contemporary bricks composition and manufacturing techniques are different from the colonial bricks. The high content of soluble salts in the contemporary bricks was found to be responsible for salt deposits in contemporary bricks and one of the main cause of failure in the restoration works of the colonial buildings. Keywords: Colonial, Contemporary, Bricks, Lahore, Pakistan

Cities are shaped and formed through urban settings and there are many factors which give it a final built form. Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) has changed many life patterns and has adversely affected livability of urban public spaces. Social distancing and masks have reduced the opportunities for people to interact with each other. Social life has also diminished to a great extent. This research aims to bring interventions in the design of urban open spaces to make it more flexible and healthier under the current pandemic situation. Thus, a qualitative study is conducted to cover all the aspects related to the pandemic, its history and how it has effected urban livability. Such design interventions in the urban built environment support the continuation of public life with the possibilities of healthier and pandemic resilient spaces. It brings forward strategies for better understanding of the situation and to provide awareness in general public. The research can be helpful for architects, designers and urban planners for making pandemic resilient urban spaces in the future. Keywords: Livability, Public spaces, Flexibility, Interactive places