Nasal septal deviation (NSD) is a common condition in otorhinolaryngology practice. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible relationship between localization and severity of NSD, and related complaints as well as to suggest a simplified assessment method for NSD. Seventy-five patients who complaint nasal obstruction were enrolled this study. The affected nasal cavity was divided into 4 separate sections as follows: antero-superior (AS), antero-inferior (AI), postero-superior (PS), and postero-inferior (PI). Each section was determined according to its relationship to the both superior edge and head of the inferior turbinate. The NSD score was calculated separately for each section according to its relationship with lateral nasal wall. The NSD-related complaints were assessed via the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale. There were 42 male and 33 female patients, with an age range of 18 to 44 years. The mean NSD score was 2.18 ± 0.63 for AS section, 1.92 ± 0.67 for AI section, 1.54 ± 0.70 for PS section, and 1.18 ± 0.60 for PI section. The mean total NSD score was 6.84 ± 1.97 while the mean NOSE score was 12.5 ± 5.11. There was a strong positive correlation between total NSD and NOSE scores when the NSD score was 6 or more (r = 0.9556). This correlation was also present when each section was evaluated separately. The strongest correlation was detected for AS section deviations. Our septal classification system provides a simple and effective evaluation of NSDs. The NSDs which affect internal valve are more related with nasal obstruction and patients’ discomfort.
Objectives RASSF gene family can inhibit the growth of RAS oncogene. This gene family is suggested to have a role in cell cycle control, apoptosis, cell migration, and mitosis control. This study evaluated RASSF4 gene expression levels, SNPs and serum levels in tissues dissected from both healthy individuals and patients diagnosed with head, and neck cancer. Methods RASSF4 gene expression levels were determined using the RT-PCR. Serum levels of RASSF4 were tested using the Enzyme-Linked Immuno Sorbent Assay technique in study groups. RASSF4 rs7896801 and rs884879 genotypes were identified using by the RT-PCR. Results No statistical difference was observed between study groups according to RASSF4 gene expression levels. According to SNP results, rs7896801 revealed a 2.4 fold increase of G-allele presence in patients (p=0.015). The increase in the presence of AA genotype was statistically significant for the control group (p=0.015). Distribution of genotypes and alleles for rs884879 showed a 2.2 fold increase in CC genotype for healthy group (p=0.031) however, the presence of T allele showed a significant increase in the patients (p=0.048). Conclusions We suggest that this study will play a pioneering role for the next studies on RASSF4 gene, especially on SNPs.
Given the prevalence and annual incidence of cancer, head and neck cancer is affecting more than 600,000 people each year. In this research, it was decided to investigate that which genes are involved and how MPO, NQO1, SOD2 enzyme levels effective to develop of head and neck cancer and for the first time at the tissue level. 35 tumor tissues in all head and neck anatomy and their surrounding tissue (70 in total) were enclosed the research that received surgery. Determination of the apoptosis genes expression levels (Mtch1, Akt1, Caspase3, Caspase9, Bcl2, Mdm2, mTOR) were determined by RT-PCR techniques and the same patients' sample used for ROS associated oxidant-antioxidant system by using MPO, NQO1, SOD2 enzyme levels using ELISA method. According to statistical results, caspase 9 gene was found statistically high expressed in early stage in contrast to late stage (p=0,013). Level of SOD2, NQO1 and MPO was determined and only MPO level was found significantly important on tumor tissues p=0,008). Specially, our findings for high expression of Cas9 on early stage were thought to be the target for treatment with its well-known initiator role of the apoptosis. Our results suggest that the higher level of MPO in tumor tissues and indicates that it has some role on pathology of head and neck cancers. We believe that, our research will lead the proposal in-vivo studies and will open new areas on therapeutic targets.
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