Background:Procrastination is a common behavior which affects different aspects of life. The procrastination assessment scale-student (PASS) evaluates academic procrastination apropos its frequency and reasons.Objectives:The aims of the present study were to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the Farsi version of the PASS in a sample of Iranian medical students.Patients and Methods:In this cross-sectional study, the PASS was translated into Farsi through the forward-backward method, and its content validity was thereafter assessed by a panel of 10 experts. The Farsi version of the PASS was subsequently distributed among 423 medical students. The internal reliability of the PASS was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted on 18 items and then 28 items of the scale to find new models. The construct validity of the scale was assessed using both EFA and confirmatory factor analysis. The predictive validity of the scale was evaluated by calculating the correlation between the academic procrastination scores and the students’ average scores in the previous semester.Results:The corresponding reliability of the first and second parts of the scale was 0.781 and 0.861. An EFA on 18 items of the scale found 4 factors which jointly explained 53.2% of variances: The model was marginally acceptable (root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] =0.098, standardized root mean square residual [SRMR] =0.076, χ2 /df =4.8, comparative fit index [CFI] =0.83). An EFA on 28 items of the scale found 4 factors which altogether explained 42.62% of variances: The model was acceptable (RMSEA =0.07, SRMR =0.07, χ2/df =2.8, incremental fit index =0.90, CFI =0.90). There was a negative correlation between the procrastination scores and the students’ average scores (r = -0.131, P =0.02).Conclusions:The Farsi version of the PASS is a valid and reliable tool to measure academic procrastination in Iranian undergraduate medical students.
Background:The introduction of fluids to infants during the first days postpartum, which may be harmful to infant health, is a common practice in Iran.Objectives:This study aimed to find the prevalence of breastfeeding practices using monthly dietary recall and factors associated with introduction of fluids during the first month of life and determine the effects of these supplementations on breastfeeding survival.Patients and Methods:This longitudinal study carried out in Shahroud, Iran from May 2011 to October 2013. Using convenient sampling strategy, 358 mothers in their third trimester of pregnancy were enrolled in the study and completed the questionnaires. Then the data regarding the introduction of fluids during first month postpartum was collected. We followed women monthly up to breastfeeding cessation. Kaplan-Meier and time-to-event methods were used to assess breastfeeding survival. A multinomial logistic regression analysis was used to identify the variables that determined breastfeeding practices at the first month postpartum. The Cox regression analysis was used to estimate the effect of variables on breastfeeding survival.Results:The prevalence of exclusive, predominant, and partial breastfeeding during the first month postpartum were 33.1%, 58.2%, and 8.6%, respectively. Predominant breastfeeding was associated with the lack of breastfeeding experience (OR = 1.93; 95% CI [1.02 - 3.66]). Partial breastfeeding was associated with the maternal age ≥ 30 y (OR = 5.96; CI [1.66 - 21.37]), family income higher than the mean (OR = 3.39; 95% CI [1.17 - 9.81]), and breastfeeding difficulties score higher than mean (OR = 3.09; 95% CI [1.10 - 8.71]). The Cox regression analysis revealed that breastfeeding practices at the first month was associated with an increased risk for breastfeeding discontinuation. The hazard ratio of breastfeeding discontinuation for predominant and partial breastfeeding groups were 1.11 (95% CI: 0.82, 1.51; P = 0.49) and 2.23 (95% CI: 1.39, 3.58; P = 0.001), respectively compared to the exclusive group.Conclusions:The prevalence of predominant breastfeeding during the first month postpartum is high in Shahroud. Interventions to strengthen adherence to WHO guidelines for breastfeeding should be considered. Breastfeeding education providers at the hospitals should emphasize the effects of formula on breastfeeding continuation at early postpartum.
Objectives: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSD) are the most prevalent occupational diseases that are serious, fundamental and costly in nature.Methods: This analytical descriptive study included 45 individuals of occupational and physiotherapy community in Hamedan, Nahavand and Malayer cities of Iran.The standardized Nordic questionnaire was used to collect data. Data analysis was done by SPSS software, chi-square test, T-test and Kay Score tests. Results:Study results revealed the prevalence of MSD accounting for 65.9% (n=27) of the study population who at least had one part of their body infected. In a 12 months study period, the disorder symptoms were seen in wrist (34.1%), lumbar (31.7%), knee (29.3%), neck (26.8%), shoulder (19.5%), and back (17%). A significant relation was seen between the symptoms of the wrist and hand. This was more common among occupational therapists. The results also showed that the disorders in occupational therapists affected all the limbs, except the neck. In addition, the females were more susceptible to the disorders compared to the males.Discussion: This study confirmed the rate of prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and injuries in occupational and physical therapists, with wrist and lumbar being the most affected. The promotion of therapist's knowledge about MSD and following ergonomic principles and new approaches in the treatment may lower or prevent MSD.
Objective: As age increases, different physical and mental problems, including sleep disorders, occur in the elderly. The Person-Environment-Occupation (PEO) model is one of the most common practical models in occupational therapy. The current study aims to review negative factors affecting the sleeping quality of the elderly in Iran based on the PEO model. Materials & Methods: According to PRISMA (the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses) guidelines and in this systematic review study, we searched Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, Magiran, IranMedex, and SID databases using the keywords of “Elderly”, “aging”, “geriatric”, “older adult”, “Iran”, and “sleep” in English and Persian articles published from 2010 to 2019. Studies on the sleep problems of other age groups, letters to the editor, duplicate studies, studies on non-Iranian seniors, studies published in languages other than Persian and English, and those with unavailable full-texts were excluded. In the next stage, the titles and abstracts of the retrieved articles were independently reviewed by two researchers to identify the studies that meet the inclusion criteria. The dispute was resolved through discussion and reaching an agreement. Then, the full text of eligible articles was retrieved. Articles approved based on at least 20 out of 22 items of the STROBE (strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology) checklist were included in the study. Finally, 24 articles that were in line with the research objectives were selected for an in-depth review. Results: Out of 24 studies, 11 reported quantitative sleep problems, 9 of which claimed that more than 70% of the elderly had sleep problems. The negative factors affecting the sleep quality of Iranian older adults were presented and categorized based on personal, environmental, and occupational factors. Eighteen articles addressed personal factors, where the most common factor was related to personal health issues. Eleven articles reported environmental factors, where the most common factor was related to the physical environment. In three articles, the factors that had a negative effect on sleeping are occupational and included the change of sleeping place and not talking to others before going to bed. Conclusion: Personal factors (e.g. aging, female gender, disease), environmental factors (e.g. lack of communication with relatives and friends, inappropriate physical environment, and living in a nursing home), and occupational factors (e.g. change of sleeping place, hospitalization, and not talking to others before going to sleep) are negative factors affecting the sleep quality of the elderly in Iran.
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