Abstract:Oxidative stress is a phenomenon that reflects an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species and so-called oxidants, and their elimination by protective mechanisms. These are referred to as antioxidative systems which can detoxify the reactive intermediates, or repair the resulting damage causing toxic effects through the production of peroxides and free radicals that damage all cell components. Further, some reactive oxidative species act as cellular messengers in redox signaling that can cause disruptions in normal cellular signaling mechanisms. In humans, oxidative stress is thought to be involved in the development of atherosclerosis, neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, cancer, diabetes mellitus, inflammatory diseases, as well as psychological diseases or aging processes. It is presently accepted that the reactive oxygen species can be beneficial. Depending on the type of oxidants, intensity and time of redox imbalance, as well as on the type of cells, oxidative stress can play a role in the regulation of other important processes. This is achieved through modulation of signal pathways, influencing synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, repair processes, inflammation, or via the immune system, as a way to attack and kill pathogens. This limits the potential for apoptosis and cell proliferation, and thus affects malignant processes. Imprudent administration of antioxidants may therefore have a negative impact on the organism.

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Age determination is one of the most important parameters for human identification. Radiographic changes during epiphyseal union provide an important means to estimate the age of adolescent and young adult skeletons. This study aims to investigate the relationship between stage of epiphyseal union at the wrist joint and chronological age in a Jordanian population. The study was carried out in a total of 101 antero-posterior radiographs of healthy subjects (45 girls and 56 boys) aging from 12 to 22 years. The obtained results from the radiographs enrolled in the current study revealed that the complete union of lower end of radius is seen at 20-21 years. The complete union of lower end of ulna is seen at 20-21 years. Females were consistently developing epiphyseal union at a younger age than their male counterparts, with a two years difference. The results suggested that the ages of epiphyseal union are found to vary greatly all over the world indicating the need for separate standards of ages of epiphyseal union for separate regions.

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