Background: Turkey has undergone a 'Health transformation programme' putting emphasis on the reorganization of primary care (PC) services towards a more market-oriented system. Objectives: To obtain a deep understanding of how family physicians (FPs) experienced the process of the reforms by focusing on working conditions. Methods: This phenomenological and qualitative research used maximum variation sampling and 51 FPs were interviewed in 36 in-depth and four focus-group interviews. Results: Thematic analysis of interviews provided seven themes: (1) change in the professional identity of PC physicians (physician as businessperson); (2) transformation of the physician-patient relationship in PC (into a provider-customer relationship); (3) job description and workload; (4) interpersonal relationships; (5) remuneration of FPs, (6) uncertainty about the future and (7) exhaustion. Most FPs felt that the Family medicine model (FMM) placed more emphasis on the business function of family practice and this conflicted with their professional characteristics as physicians. FPs complained that some of their patients behaved as extremely demanding consumers. Continuously increasing responsibilities and extremely high workload were commonly reported problems. Most participants described the negative incentives in the performance scheme as a degrading method of punishment. The main factor was job insecurity caused by contract-based employment. FPs described the point at which they are with terms such as exhaustion. Conclusion:By increasing workload and creating uncertainty about the future and about income, the PC reforms have led to working conditions, which has led to changes in the professional attitudes of physicians and their practice of medicine.
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı bir tıp fakültesi birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin toplumsal cinsiyet algı düzeyi ve ilişkili faktörleri değerlendirmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem:Kesitsel araştırma şeklinde yürütülen çalışma Ege Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi 2013-2014 eğitim yılında birinci sınıfta okuyan 435 öğrenciden 352'sine (%81) ulaşılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak 24 sorudan ve iki alt skaladan oluşan Cinsiyet Eşitliği Ölçeğinin (CEÖ) Türkçe versiyonu ve sosyo-demografik özellikleri sorgulayan bilgi formu kullanılmıştır. Bulgular:Öğrencilerin CEÖ puan ortalaması 62.6±5.6'dür. Öğrencilerin CEÖ "Geleneksel Cinsiyet Normları" alt skala puan ortalaması 43.1±5.1 "Eşitlikçi Cinsiyet Normları" alt skala puan ortalaması 19.6±2.1'dir. Kadın öğrencilerin CEÖ ortalaması 65.3±3.9, erkek öğrencilerin puan ortalaması 60.6±5.8 idi. Cinsiyetler arasında cinsiyet eşitliği açısından fark istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur (p<0.001). CEÖ açısından annesi işsiz-ev emekçisi olan öğrencilerin puan ortalaması (61.9±5.8) annesi herhangi bir işte çalışanlardan (63.5±5.3) anlamlı düzeyde daha düşüktür. Anne ve baba eğitim düzeyi ilkokul ve altında olanların puan ortalaması ( sırasıyla 61.3±5.9 ve 59.9±6.2), ilkokul üzerinde eğitime sahip olanlardan (sırasıyla 63.2±5.4 ve 63.2±5.4) anlamlı düzeyde daha düşüktür (p<0.05 ve p<0.05).Sonuç: Bu çalışmanın bulgularına göre cinsiyet eşitliği tutumunu sosyo-demografik değişkenler etkilemektedir. Tıp fakülteleri müfredatlarına öğrencilerin sosyoekonomik özelliklerinden kaynaklanan cinsiyet eşitliği algı düzeyi farklılıklarını azaltacak eğitimler eklenmelidir.Anahtar Sözcükler: Toplumsal cinsiyet, cinsiyet eşitliği, tutum, tıp öğrencisi. Abstract Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate levels of gender perception and factors relating to this among first-year students in a medical faculty. Materials and Methods: The population of this cross-sectional study consisted of 356 (81%) of the 435 first-year students attending Ege University Faculty of Medicine in the 2013-2014 academic year. Data were collected using the Turkish version of the "Gender Equality Scale", which includes 24 items and 2 sub-scales, along with an information form to gather socio-demographic data.Results: Mean total score of students on the Gender Equality Scale was 62.6±5.6. Mean score on the "Traditional Gender Norms" sub-scale was 43.1±5.1 and mean score on the "Equalitarian Gender Norms" sub-scale was 19.6±2.1. Mean total score was 65.3±3.9 for female students and 60.6±5.8 for male students. This difference between the genders regarding gender equality was found to be statistically significant (p<0.001). The mean score of students whose mothers were unemployed or homemakers (61.9 ± 5.8) was significantly lower than that of students with a working mother (63.5±5.3). Mean scores of students whose mother's and father's educational level was primary school and below (61.3±5.9 and 59.9±6.2 respectively) were significantly lower than scores of students whose mother's and father's educational level was higher tha...
The serious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS); encephalitis and meningitis, have high mortality and morbidity rate especially not diagnosed and treated in time. Nucleic acid testing (NAT) is the tool of choice for viral diagnosis in CNS infections. In this study, viral etiological agents found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples sent to our university hospital virology laboratory for laboratory diagnosis of CNS infections were retrospectively evaluated and results were compared with other reports from our country. Viral etiological agents found in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples sent to Ege University Faculty of Medicine Department of Medical Microbiology Virology Laboratories for laboratory diagnosis of CNS infection between 01.01.2009-31.12.2015 were evaluated retrospectively. A total of 3778 CSF tests were performed for cell culture of enterovirus (EV) in 487 samples and 3291 tests for nucleic acid testing (NAT) by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV1), herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV2), varicella zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpes virus 6 (HHV6) and EV. VZV and EV NAT's were performed during the last one and five years period, respectively. NAT positive results for HSV1, HSV2, CMV, EBV, VZV, HHV6 and EV were 1.80% (24/1333), 0.08% (1/1333), 3.28% (19/580), 4.35% (22/506), 0.46% (1/216), 1.05% (5/478) and 3.37% (6/178), respectively. EV was isolated in 30 (6.20%) of 487 CSF samples by viral culture. Positive samples were mainly from pediatric, neurology and infectious diseases clinics as expected. The number of higher positive results were found in samples sentin december (35.3%), july (12.9%) and november (10.6%). Overall 80% of positive samples belonged to patients over 18 years old. When the results of other studies reported from Turkey are examined, although the positivity rates are generally similar, it is seen that the rates specific to certain factors are higher in selected smaller patient groups like HSV1 and EV. Rapid nucleic acid tests like multiplex PCR and microarray will provide more practical and effective laboratory diagnosis approach in CNS infections, since many more microorganisms may be causative agents.
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