Both penicillin+gentamicin and clindamycin+amikacin are safe and effective for the prevention of SSI in clean contaminated operative procedures. In a resource limited hospital, a regimen including penicillin+gentamicin is a cost-effective alternative for the more expensive and broader coverage of clindamycin+amikacin. Timing of PA is effective in preventing SSIs when administered 30min before the start of surgery.

ESKAPE pathogens were significantly associated with higher rates of morbidity and mortality indicating the need for improving the means of prevention of these types of infections within health care premises. Microbiology laboratories have a role in defining more dangerous infections and rapid diagnostics are required in the era of resistance.

Background Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the most well‐known sort of leukemia in children. In spite of favorable survival rates, some patients relapse and achieve a poor outcome. Methods We analyzed miR‐125b and Bcl‐2 expressions in pediatric patients with ALL and evaluated their clinical utility as molecular markers for the prediction of disease outcomes. Results Downregulation of miR‐125b and increased Bcl‐2 expression levels in pediatric patients with ALL were associated with poor prognosis at diagnosis. At day 28 of induction, miR‐125b was significantly increased, whereas Bcl‐2 was downregulated. Loss of miR‐125b during diagnosis and its elevation after therapy are strongly correlated with short leukemia‐free survival and worse survival. Moreover, the combination of miR‐125b with Bcl‐2 markers can clearly enhance the prediction of the disease outcome. Finally, a univariate analysis highlighted the independent prognostic value of miR‐125 in a pediatric patient with ALL. Conclusions miR‐125b and Bcl‐2 together are potent predictors for the prognosis and, therefore, can be used as therapeutic targets in childhood ALL.

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Introduction Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen, which can acquire new resistance genes. Infections by carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) in cancer patients cause high mortality. Methods CRAB isolates from cancer patients were screened for carbapenemase-encoding genes that belong to Ambler classes (A), (B), and (D), followed by genotypic characterization by enterobacterial-repetitive-Intergenic-consensus–polymerase chain reaction (ERIC–PCR) and multilocus-sequence-typing (MLST). Results A total of 94.1% of CRAB isolates co-harbored more than one carbapenemase-encoding gene. The genes bla NDM , bla OXA-23 -like, and bla KPC showed the highest prevalence, with rates of 23 (67.7%) , 19 (55.9%), and 17 (50%), respectively. ERIC-PCR revealed 19 patterns (grouped into 9 clusters) . MLST analysis identified different sequence types (STs) (ST-268, ST-195, ST-1114, and ST-1632) that belong to the highly resistant easily spreadable International clone II (IC II). Genotype diversity indicated the dissemination of carbapenem-hydrolyzing, β-lactamase-encoding genes among genetically unrelated isolates. We observed a high prevalence of metallo-β-lactamase (MBL)-encoding genes (including the highly-resistant bla NDM gene that is capable of horizontal gene transfer) and of isolates harboring multiple carbapenemase-encoding genes from different classes. Conclusion The findings are alarming and call for measures to prevent and control the spread of MBL-encoding genes among bacteria causing infections in cancer patients and other immunocompromised patient populations.