The purpose of this study was to analyze the mechanism of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries among male and female high school students across several different sports to understand ACL injury trends. A total of 1000 cases involving high school students who suffered ACL injuries during school activities (soccer, basketball, volleyball, handball, and judo) and who received insurance benefits through the Injury and Accident Mutual Aid Benefit System, were included to clarify the various mechanisms of ACL injuries. The mechanism of ACL injury was divided into contact and non-contact injuries. Contact injuries were further divided into direct and indirect contact injuries. Non-contact ACL injuries were also further divided into landing injuries, which involved jump-landing movements, and cutting and stopping injuries, which involved movement with a change of direction and deceleration. Overall, 99.0% of judo ACL injuries were categorized as contact ACL injuries. With regards to ball sports, the number of non-contact ACL injuries among basketball, volleyball, and handball players was significantly higher than the number of contact injuries (67.0%, 86.5%, and 68.5% respectively). With regards to female soccer and basketball players, the number of indirect ACL injuries was higher than direct injuries (72.2% and 76.7%, respectively). Volleyball was associated with a higher rate of non-contact injuries. Soccer, basketball, and handball were associated with more or similar rates of indirect and non-contact injuries than direct injuries. Judo was associated with a higher rate of contact injuries.
We investigated the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries among athletes in junior high school and high school by retrospectively reviewing Japan Sports Council notification data registered over a period of 10 years. The total number of ACL injuries during the 10-year period was 30,458, with an incidence of 0.81 per 1000 athlete-years. Among those with ACL injuries, the ratio of girls to boys was 2.8, and incidence of injury was significantly greater among girls than boys (1.36 as against 0.48). Athletes in the 11th grade demonstrated the highest incidence of ACL injuries. We also found that the greatest incidence of ACL injuries was among female high school basketball players; the second highest being among female high school Judo athletes. For sports with a greater number of ACL injuries and a higher injury rate, it is necessary to obtain more detailed data and analysis to determine an effective prevention programme.
[Purpose] The authors’ institute offers a comprehensive inpatient approach to rehabilitation after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery, providing nutritional and psychological support in addition to exercise and physical therapy. This study aimed to determine the outcomes of athletes undergoing this comprehensive rehabilitation program and to compare the outcomes of bone-patellar tendon-bone and semitendinosus/gracilis autograft recipients. [Participants and Methods] Elite athletes who underwent comprehensive inpatient rehabilitation at the authors’ institute for at least two weeks after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction were mailed a questionnaire. Their recovery levels, which were measured against preinjury performance, and secondary anterior cruciate ligament injury rates, were evaluated and compared according to graft type. [Results] Valid responses from 45 athletes were analyzed (bone-patellar tendon-bone [n=12]; semitendinosus/gracilis [n=33]). The frequency of return to preinjury activity levels and secondary anterior cruciate ligament injury were comparable between bone-patellar tendon-bone and semitendinosus/gracilis graft recipients. A greater proportion of athletes returned to preinjury activity levels, while a lower percentage experienced re-rupture compared to previous studies. [Conclusion] A comprehensive rehabilitative approach after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction may contribute to improved postoperative performance irrespective of graft type. Objective evaluations are needed in the future to clarify the benefits of specific rehabilitative approaches.
BackgroundFemale basketball players are at a higher risk for injuries such as those of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Therefore, preventing such injuries is essential for their health and the competition.ObjectiveTo assess the effect of an injury prevention training program on the incidence of injuries in female basketball players.DesignProspective intervention study.SettingTop-level basketball league in Japan.ParticipantsA total of 1127 players from 12 top-league teams during 7 seasons.InterventionsFrom the middle of the second (2007–2008) season, a 3-step injury prevention program was initiated. The program focused on strength, balance, jump-landing techniques, and basketball skills. Subjects were instructed to perform exercises in a neutral position and to avoid lumbar lordosis, rear axial weight bearing, hip adduction, and knee valgus.Main outcome measurementsAll injuries, including ACL injury and ankle sprain, occurring during the 7 seasons that caused a player to miss a current session and/or miss a subsequent session were recorded. Injury incidences were calculated in terms of per 1000 player hours (PH). Compliance with the program was also reported.ResultsDuring 7 seasons, 8,73,084 PH and 973 injuries were reported. The injury incidence was 1.11/1000 PH, which did not significantly change after the intervention. In each season, ankle or knee injuries were most frequent. 34 non-contact ACL injuries occurred, an incidence of 0.039/1000 PH. During 5 seasons after the intervention, the incidence of non-contact ACL injuries in the team conducting the prevention program was 0.032, while the team without the program had an incidence of 0.046. A total of 235 ankle sprains occurred, an incidence of 0.269/1000 PH. After the intervention, the incidence decreased to 0.19 in the 2011–2012 season.ConclusionsThe results show that the injury prevention program may decrease the frequency of non-contact ACL injuries and ankle sprains.
BackgroundAnterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is one of the most serious sports injuries. However, few studies have surveyed the details of ACL injury mechanisms in high school athletes.ObjectiveTo investigate the mechanisms of ACL injuries among 1,000 ACL injuries in high school athletes by retrospectively reviewing the Japan Sports Council notification data.DesignEpidemiological survey and retrospective study.SettingYoung athletes (15–18 years old) belonging to sports clubs (soccer, basketball, judo, handball, volleyball) in high school (10th–12th grade). These clubs had a high incidence of ACL injuries in young Japanese athletes.Patients (or Participants)We collected data on 100 ACL injuries for each sport and sex for 1,000 athletes with injured ACL.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)We divided these data according to mechanisms such as contact (direct and indirect) and non-contact (play- and surface-related). Indirect contact was defined as an external force applied to the athlete but not directly to the injured knee. External force was involved in the injury process.Main Outcome MeasurementsWe compared the mechanisms of injury between sexes and specific sports.ResultsNon-contact injuries were greater than contact injuries in ball games, except in male soccer. Most judo players experienced contact injuries. Over half of contact injuries were indirect in ball games. Surface problems caused 2.4% of ACL injuries.ConclusionsWe clarified the mechanisms of ACL injuries in young athletes. Detailed investigations of ACL injury mechanisms and prevention programs are needed.
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