Video-based vehicle speed measurement systems are known as effective applications for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) due to their great development capabilities and low costs. These systems utilize camera outputs to apply video processing techniques and extract the desired information. This paper presents a new vehicle speed measurement approach based on motion detection. Contrary to featurebased methods that need visual features of the vehicles like license-plate or windshield, the proposed method is able to estimate vehicle's speed by analyzing its motion parameters inside a pre-defined Region of Interest (ROI) with specified dimensions. This capability provides realtime computing and performs better than feature-based approaches. The proposed method consists of three primary modules including vehicle detection, tracking, and speed measurement. Each moving object is detected as it enters the ROI by the means of Mixture-of-Gaussian background subtraction method. Then by applying morphology transforms, the distinct parts of these objects turn into unified filled shapes and some defined filtration functions leave behind only the objects with the highest possibility of being a vehicle. Detected vehicles are then tracked using blob tracking algorithm and their displacement among sequential frames are calculated for final speed measurement module. The outputs of the system include the vehicle's image, its corresponding speed, and detection time. Experimental results show that the proposed approach has an acceptable accuracy in comparison with current speed measurement systems.
The process of detecting vehicles' license plates, along with recognizing the characters inside them, has always been a challenging issue due to various conditions. These conditions include different weather and illumination, inevitable data acquisition noises, and some other challenging scenarios like the demand for real-time performance in state-of-the-art Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications. This paper proposes a method for vehicle License Plates Detection (LPD) and Character Recognition (CR) as a unified application that presents significant accuracy and real-time performance. The mentioned system is designed for Iranian vehicle license plates, which have the characteristics of different resolution and layouts, scarce digits/characters, various background colors, and different font sizes. In this regard, the system uses a separate fine-tuned You Only Look Once (YOLO) version 3 platform for each of the mentioned phases and extracts Persian characters from input images in two automatic steps. For training and testing stages, a wide range of vehicle images in different challenging and straightforward conditions have been collected from practical systems installed as surveillance applications. Experimental results show an end-to-end accuracy of 95.05% on 5719 images. The test data included both color and grayscale images containing the vehicles with different distances and shooting angles with various brightness and resolution. Additionally, the system can perform the LPD and CR tasks in an average of 119.73 milliseconds for real life data, which illustrates a real-time performance for the system and usable applicability. The system is fully automated, and no pre-processing, calibration or configuration procedures are needed.
In this paper, a hybrid classifier using fuzzy clustering and several neural networks has been proposed. With using the fuzzy C-means algorithm, training samples will be clustered and the inappropriate data will be detected and moved to another dataset (Removed-Dataset) and used differently in the classification phase. Also, in the proposed method using the membership degree of samples to the clusters, the class of samples will be changed to the fuzzy class. Thus, for example in KDD cup99 dataset, any sample will have 5 membership degrees to classes DoS, Probe, Normal, U2R, and R2L. Afterwards, the neural networks will be trained by new labels then using a combination of regression and classification methods, the hybrid classifier will be created. Also to classify the outlier data, a fuzzy ARTMAP neural network is employed which is a part of the hybrid classifier. Evaluation of the proposed method is performed by KDDCup99 dataset for intrusion detection and Cambridge datasets for traffic classification problems. Our experimental results indicate that the proposed system has performed better than the previous works in the case of precision, recall and f-value also detection and false alarm rate. Also, ROC curve analysis shows that the proposed hybrid classifier has been better than the famous non-hybrid classifiers.
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