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Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders are one of the most common and costly occupational injuries. Nursing profession, considering the nature of the work, is one of the occupations in hospital in which work-related musculoskeletal disorders are highly prevalent. This review study was conducted to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among Iranian nurses. Materials and methods: The present study was conducted on the basis of the PRISMA checklist for systematic review and meta-analysis. To access eligible articles, domestic and foreign databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, PUBMED, Magiran, SID, Medlib Irandoc, and the Google scholar search engine and keywords of musculoskeletal disorders, ergonomics, nurses, and Iran were used. In this review, two researchers reviewed the relevant articles published from 2000 to 2017. At first, 1349 papers were entered but finally, 33 eligible articles were analyzed. Data analysis was carried out using STATA software (ver. 11.5). Findings: The results of the review of 33 eligible articles showed that the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and low back pain in nurses were 0.84 (95% CI: 0.83-0.95) and 0.60 (95% CI: 0.60-0.61) respectively. Conclusion: The results of the previous studies revealed that the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders, especially low back pain in nurses, is high. Therefore, planning and intervention should be performed to prevent and reduce musculoskeletal disorders in nurses.

Background and Objective: The health literacy, skills and abilities of individuals are in line with appropriate decision making in the field of health promotion. Adolescents are the age groups whose basic health literacy is essential for their nutritional practice. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between health literacy and nutritional practice in adolescents. Methods: The present study is a descriptive cross-sectional study that was performed on 400 boy and girl youngsters were selected by multistage-random sampling during the academic year 2015. The data were collected through questionnaires that included three parts: a) individual characteristics b) health literacy (HELMA) c) the nutritional practice. Data analysis was performed with SPSS version 20 and proportional tests. Results: 50% of female participants, with an average age of 17 years and 74.5% of adolescents had Limited (inadequate and not so adequate) health literacy, 68 percent had average nutritional practice. There was a direct correlation between aspects of health literacy with nutritional practice. Namely, by increasing health literacy, nutritional practice is improved. (P-value< 0/001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed the role of health literacy in the nutritional practice of the adolescents. Due to high levels of limited health literacy in adolescents, health education interventions are necessary to improve health literacy among teenagers.

Context: In service planning, indicators such as incidence can aid the development of strategies for service provision. The current systematic review was carried out to provide a general viewpoint on incidence, geographical and age distribution of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers in Iran.Evidence Acquisition: A detailed Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Iran Medex, Magiran and SID (scientific information databases) search was made from 2005 to 2015. The basic inclusion criteria were all relevant studies focused on GI cancers incidence and epidemiologic data from Iran.Results: Overall incidence of cancer was 19.4 and 17.2 per 100 000 in males and females, respectively. The three most common GI cancers in males were: esophagus, stomach and colorectal and in females: colorectal, stomach and esophagus. The highest incidence rate was observed in Golestan province and in the age group over 65 years. Conclusions:According to increasing incidence rate of GI cancers in Iran, development, establishment and implement of comprehensive national cancer control program should be the first priorities for health policy makers.

Background:Obesity is a major risk factor for chronic diseases and has a role on high blood pressure, diabetes type II, etc., This review assesses the prevalence of Iranian children obesity and overweight for different age categories and compares the three standard definitions of obesity.Materials and Methods:To retrieve desirable studies concerning childhood anthropometric data from different area of Iran, the MEDLINE, Scopus, and different local databases such as Scientific Information database were used. The studies reported the prevalence of obesity or overweight of children < 6, 6–12, and 12–20 years old, despite differences between definitions of childhood obesity, were included in the study. We combined the reported prevalence of the overweight and obesity with regard to age and gender, and also by the different standard references which are the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the World Health Organization (WHO) definition, and the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) references. The analysis was carried out using STATA software.Results:Our review covered 75 articles reported the prevalence of overweight or obesity among children and adolescents for different age groups in Iran. Our meta-regression analysis showed that the prevalence of obesity and overweight did not vary significantly in gender and age categories, but different definitions provide different prevalence of overweight and obesity.Conclusion:The effective factors on obesity and overweight included administration policy and organizational, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and social factors. CDC and WHO references intended in monitoring children's growth and the IOTF cutoffs would rather provide a common set of definitions that researchers and policymakers could use for descriptive and comparative purposes.

INTRODUCTION: To design instructions in health sciences education, it is highly relevant to heed the working memory and the approaches for managing cognitive load. In this article, we tried to mention the implications of cognitive load theory (CLT) for optimizing teaching-learning in health sciences education and discussing cognitive load from the perspective of cognitive neurosciences as brain-aware medical education. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We searched databases of Pubmed, Proquest, SCOPUS, and ISI Web of Science for relevant literature in September 1, 2018. RESULTS: The 27 articles out of a total of 46 records, along with 23 papers from snowballing and hand searching were included in this study. Main items encompassed; “Various types of cognitive loads,” “Aim of cognitive load theory,” “Strategies to managing Cognitive Load,” “Cognitive Load Theory in novice and experienced learners and “expertise reversal effect,” Medical and Health Sciences Curriculums and Cognitive Load Theory,” “Challenges of Cognitive Load Theory.” CONCLUSIONS: We discussed six important themes for CLT in health sciences education according to the literature. Mental imagery (visualization) as one of the useful techniques to optimize germane load was suggested, as it processes further gain access to neural circuits that are engaged in sensory, motor, executive, and decision-making pathways in the brain.

Background: Designing and implementation of screening programs depend on greatly epidemiologic basic data in every country. Also Variation in the incidence of various cancers in our country has been a favorite topic. Objectives: This systematic review was conducted to provide an overall perspective about incidence, geographical and age distribution of cancers in Iran. Methods: A comprehensive search were done according to MOOSE guideline criteria in national and international databases for selecting eligible articles from 2005 to 2015. After screening titles and abstracts, duplicated and irrelevant studies were excluded. Selected papers are written in Persian or English. The standard error of the cancer incidence was calculated based on the binomial distribution. Because of the significant heterogeneity observed among the results, we used a random-effects model combine the results of the primary studies. Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was undertaken to explore the effects of the risk of bias and other sources of heterogeneity. Results: Overall 16 articles met eligibility criteria for inclusion. The total incidence of cancer was 19.4 and 17.2 per hundred thousand of people in males and females respectively. The five most common cancers in male were: Lymphoma, leukemia, esophagus, stomach, colorectal and in the female are: breast, colorectal, stomach, thyroid and esophagus. The highest incidence rate was seen in Golestan Province and in the age group over 65 years. Conclusion: According to increasing incidence rate of cancers in Iran, Development, holding and accomplish of universal public cancer control program should be the first precedence for health policy.

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