Increased international trade flows and reduced trade restrictions have sparked ongoing debate and discussion about the influence of international trade on economic progress. Based on the empirical evaluation, the paper investigates the impact of trade openness on Kazakhstan's economic growth in a multivariate framework. It includes investment, international trade, labour force, human capital, and natural resource as explanatory constructs when gross domestic product per capita is the regressand variable. This research aims to assess the long-term relationship between trade and income development in Kazakhstan from 1992 to 2020. The Phillips and Perron (1988) and augmented Dickey and Fuller (1981) tests are used to check data stationarity. The bound test shows that the concerned variables have a long-term relationship. The results conclude that trade negatively impacts growth in the short and long run. While capital formation, labour quantity, quality, and natural resources positively affect the development of Kazakhstan's economy. This negative impact of trade on growth could be attributed to the country's shortage of good institutions and inefficient management, economic structure, and development policies. Also, it could be due to the substantial negative impact of imports countering the positive effect of exports.
<p><strong>Background:</strong> Computed tomography (CT) is the gold standard for exact delineation of paranasal sinus(PNS) disease. There are many radiologically important diseases of paranasal sinuses.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Objective:</strong> to evaluate the malignant PNS mass by computed tomographic image and the findings of this modality were compared with histopathological result.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> It was a cross sectional type of study and carried out with suspected PNS mass having patients during January 2009 to October 2010.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The mean age of the patients was 35.95 ± 18.24 and common complaints of the patients were nasal obstruction (73.7%) and maximum 53.9% patients had PNS mass in maxillary sinuses. Out of 76 cases 21.1 % found malignant mass on CT and after histopathology 19. 7% had malignant mass. Out of all cases 14 were diagnosed as malignant PNS mass by CT scan and confirmed by histopathological evaluation and they were true positive. Two cases were diagnosed as malignant PNS mass by CT scan but not confirmed by histopathological findings and they were false positive. Of 60 cases, which were diagnosed by CT scan, one was confirmed as malignant and 59 were benign by histopathology. They were false negative and true negative respectively. Sensitivity of CT scan to diagnose malignant PNS mass was 93.3%, specificity 96.7%, positive predictive value 87.5%, negative predictive value 98.3% and accuracy 96.1 %.<strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> CT scan of the malignant para nasal sinus mass provides more information and better image quality and CT diagnosis correlate well with the findings of histopathology.</p>
The experiment was conducted in the Horticultural Farm of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Plant growth regulators were applied which had significant effect on yield of sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L.). The experiment consisted of two factors. Factor A: Plant growth regulators (four levels) as G0: Control, G1: Gibberellic Acid (GA3) @ 30 ppm, G2: 4-Chloro Phenoxy Acetic Acid (4-CPA) @ 45 ppm and G3: 4-Chloro Phenoxy Acetic Acid (4-CPA) @ 45 ppm + Gibberellic Acid (GA3) @ 30 ppm and Factor B: Number of spray (three levels) as N0: Control (no spray), N1: two spray, N2: three spray. In case of plant growth regulators, the highest yield (27.77 t/ha) was found from G3 treatment, whereas the lowest (18.87 t/ha) was from G0 treatment. For number of spray the maximum yield (26.0 t/ha) was recorded from N2 treatment, while the minimum yield (19.87 t/ha) was from N0 treatment. The results indicated that the highest yield (31.8 t/ha) was observed from G3N2 treatment combination, while the lowest yield (17.5 t/ha) was from G0N0 treatment combination. Due to combined effect, the highest yield (31.8 t/ha) with net income (Tk/ha 1416558) and BCR (2.46) was observed from G3N2 treatment combination, while the lowest yield (17.5 t/ha) with net income (Tk/ha 433045) and BCR (1.49) from G0N0 treatment combination. Thus, three times spray with (4- Chloro Phenoxy Acetic Acid + Gibberellic Acid) may be recommended for achieving the higher growth, yield and economic benefit of sweet pepper. The Agriculturists 2018; 16(2) 58-64
Genetic diversity study was done in 64 maize inbreds grown under excess soil moisture condition.The genotypes were grouped into eight clusters. It was observed that all intercluster distances were larger than all intracluster distances. Such results indicated that genotypes included within a cluster had less diversity among themselves but wider genetic diversity among the inbreds of different clusters. The highest inter cluster distance was observed between cluster IV & VII followed by IV & V , IV & VIII, II & VII and I & IV. The highest intra cluster distance was noticed in cluster V and the lowest was in cluster VII. The highest yield/plant, cob girth, number of rows/ear, number of grains/plant, SPAD value and number of nodes with brace roots were observed in cluster IV. The lowest mean value for yield/plant yield components and dwarf statured plant were observed in cluster VII. The plant height, ear height,days to 50% tasseling and silking, cob length, cob girth, 100 grain weight and SPAD value contributed considerably to total divergence. The genetically diverged genotypes in these distinct clusters could be used as parents in hybridization program for getting desirable hybrid(s).
Background: Genital prolapse is a very common gynaecological disorder in Bangladesh but women do not admit this problem due to shame, ignorance, social taboo and insolvency. The rural scenario is much more disastrous. Objective: To determine the risk factors & outcome of operative procedures of genital prolapse. Material & Methods: It was a cross sectional study. The research work had been carried out from July, 2019 to December, 2019 in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Shaheed Tajuddin Ahmad Medical College Hospital, Gazipur. Hospital women patients had been caring with genital prolapse were considered in this study and asked for proper history. Data was collected by using pre-design questionnaire. All the patients included in the study were evaluated by detailed history, through physical examination and relevant laboratory investigations. The maximum extend of the prolapse was clinically measured during a valsalva maneuver or coughing and was confirmed by the patient as being the most severe protrusion. Written informed consent to participate in this study was taken. Result: The mean age was found 59±5.4 years with range from 50 to 70 years. Educational status of the patients, 85(85%) patients were illiterate & marital status more than half 52 (52%) Patients were living with husband and 47 (47%) patients were widow. Regarding occupational status, Three forth 72 (72%) Patients were housewives, 18(18%) were day laborer and 10 (10%) were worker. 23% patients were underweight, 67% patients had average body weight and 10 % were obese. Primi para were found 2(2%) multipara were 53 (53%) and grand multi para were 45 (45%). Number of living child of the patients. 1-2 child were found 10(10%) patients, 3-4 child were 48 (48%) and ≥5 child were 42 (42%) patients. History of abdominal surgery was found in 6(6%) patients, vaginal delivery was found in 100 (100%) Patients, home delivery was in 90 (90%), majority 44(44%) patients had prolong labour during delivery and 2% had instrumental delivery. 60% patients did heavy work during puerperium, 32% did moderate work and only 8% did light work. 31% patients were engaged in heavy physical activities, 20% suffered from chronic cough and 15 % suffered from chronic constipation. 85% patients were delivered by untrained birth attendant. 100(100%) patients had felling of something coming down, 20(20%) had retention of urine, 92(92%) had frequency of micturition, 51(51%) had backache, 53(53%) had difficulty in emptying bladder, 41(41%) had burning during micturition, 45(45%) had constipation, 38(38%) had stress incontinence, 25(25%) had dragging pain in lower abdomen, 22 (22.0%) had white discharge and 5 (5%) had irreducible prolapse. 80(80%) patients had 2nd degree of uterine prolapses, 15(15%) patients had 1st degree & only 5(5%) patients had 3rd degree of uterine prolapses. 90 (90%) patients had moderate cystocele, 69(69%) patients had moderate rectocele, 27(27%) patients had urethrocele, 36(36%) had decubitus ulcer, 40(40%) had stress incontinence and 17 (17%) had elongation of cervix. management of the study population by vaginal hysterectomy with anterior colporrhaphy and posterior colpoperineorrhaphy 70(70%), anterior colporrhaphy 15(15%), posterior colpoperineorrhaphy 5(5%), pelvic floor repair 10(10%).20(20%) had pyrexia, 5(5%) had hemorrhage, 15(15%) had urinary infection, 4 (4%) had local sepsis and 3(3%) had urinary retention. complete relief was found 93(93%) and 7 (7%) had partial relief. Conclusion: Genital Prolapse has a very high prevelance in multiparous women. There is a significant association between genital prolapse, history of collagen disease and childbirth-related pelvic floor trauma. Pyrexia and urinary infection were more common complication after surgical procedures of genital prolapse. Complete relief was found 93.0% of the patients.
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