Now-a-days, various types of antibiotics are being used worldwide in veterinary sector indiscriminately for promotion of growth and treatment of the livestock. Significant portions of antibiotics are released through milk of dairy animals unaltered and exert serious harmful effects on human health. This review evaluates and compare researches on antibiotic residues in milk in published literatures from Pubmed, CrossRef, CAB direct, DOAJ, JournalTOCs, AGRICOLA, ScientificGate, Electronic Journals Library, CAB abstracts, Global Health Databases, Global Impact Factor, Google Scholar, Park Directory of Open Access Journals, BanglaJOL and ISC E-Journals. Antibiotics residue in milk was first detected in 60s and then with an increasing trend with highest after 2,000 (188). The highest no. of works, 49 (21.87%) were accomplished in China, followed by Spain, 30 (13.39%); Germany, 11 (4.91%); and USA, 10 (4.46%). Continent-wise highest researches are published from Europe, 105 (46.88%), followed by Asia, 77 (34.38%); South America, 18 (8.04%); North America, 16 (7.14%); and Africa, 8 (3.57%). For detection, Bovine milk sample is mostly used, 193 (86.16%), followed by ovine, 19 (8.48%); and caprine, 14 (6.25%). Acetonitrile was used in maximum cases (77) for processing the samples. Chromatographic technique was the highest, 115 (51.34%) for detection. Residue of β-lactam group have been detected mostly 133 (36.54%), followed by tetracyclines, 51 (14.01%); fluoroquinolones, 49 (13.46%); sulfonamides, 46 (12.64%); and aminoglycosides, 38 (10.44%). This review observe that antibiotics residues are more common in milk samples that are being manifested in increasing researches on antibiotic detection and measures should adopt to cease this residue.

Background and Aim:Indiscriminate and injudicious use of antibiotics in layer farms is a common practice of Bangladesh for the compensation of Poor management practices and ignorance. Despite this scenario, there is no published documentation on antibiotic usage pattern and farm management practices in layer farms. This study was undertaken to understand the farmers’ perspective in small-scale layer farms regarding antibiotics usage and farm management.Materials and Methods:A questionnaire survey was conducted in 120 small-scale layer farms of Mymensingh district during January-February 2017. We only considered farms in production. Data were analyzed on antibiotic usage, purpose, egg management, understanding of antibiotic residue, withdrawal period, and other issues.Results:Among 120 farmers, about 94.16% of farmers are using antibiotics without respecting the withdrawal period. Only 39.1% of farmers possess knowledge of residues. In our surveyed farms, 91.83% of farmers are not practicing egg washing before supplying to the market and 52.67% of farmers are unaware of cleaning and disinfection of egg tray. Ten different types of antibiotics of seven classes have found in the survey. Most antibiotics are in the Watch (49%) and Reserve (8%) groups according to the WHO AWaRe categorization and 73% antibiotics are critically important for human medicine and are considered as last resort.Conclusion:This study found that due to the lack of knowledge and poor management, farmers consider using antibiotics as the most effective practices to control disease and enhancement of egg production. These indiscriminate uses of antibiotics are responsible for antibiotic residual and resistance problem. Here, we also provide some suggestion and guidelines to improve management practices to minimize the emerging problems of antimicrobial resistance through small-scale layer farms.

Contamination through industrial effluents is a major threat to the environment. Degradation of organic pollutants remains a major challenge, and semiconductor-based catalysis is reported to be a viable solution. Recently, AgNi bimetallic alloy nanoparticles attracted great attention with superior properties. We report the synthesis of AgNi nano-alloy particles immobilized over the surface of ZnO hexagonal rods through an in situ chemical co-reduction process to develop a novel AgNi@ZnO nanocomposite for catalytic applications. The crystal structure, phase purity, morphology, particle size, and other properties of the as-synthesized AgNi@ZnO nanocomposite were scrutinized using powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, multipoint Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, and transmission electron microscopy. The composite exhibits excellent catalytic activity toward the reduction of nitroarenes and environment polluting organic dyes. The synthesized nanocomposite shows enhanced catalytic activity with an incredible reaction rate constant, noticeable low degradation time, and greater stability. The catalyst is easily recyclable and exhibits consecutive catalytic cycle usage.

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Indiscriminate use of antibiotics in broiler could lead to residue accumulation in food chain. We conducted a study to detect colistin residues in broiler meat in different growth stages, collected from different upazilas of Mymensingh division. A total of 108 samples, were collected from Fulbaria, Mymensingh Sadar, and Trishal Upazila of Mymensingh district and Nakla Upazila of Sherpur district. From each farm, nine samples were collected at the three different growth stages: 14-20 days (Early:E), 21-27 (Middle:M) days and 28-35 (Late:L) days, respectively. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was used for the qualitative detection colistin residues in broiler meat. A questionnaire survey was carried out with the farmers from whom the samples were collected. Most of the farmers’ had varying degree of knowledge about biosecurity, withdrawal period and residue of antibiotic, and academic qualification varies from primary to graduate level. Out of 108 samples, 50% (18 out of 36) samples were positive for TLC in early samples, whereas 66.67% (24 out of 36) samples for middle and 50% (18 out of 36) for late collected samples. Upazila-wise, the highest concentration was detected in Mymensingh sadar and Nakla (66.67%) and lowest in Fulbaria (33.33%). These result indicates that colistin are being misused in poultry industry especially in middle days of broiler life and withdrawal periods are not maintained when broiler are marketed. Being a Reserve group antibiotics, measures are needed to ensure human safety regarding colistin residue in poultry industry. Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2019, 3(1), 43-47