The use of cheap and ecofriendly adsorbents has been studied as an alternative substitution of activated carbon for the removal dyes from wastewater. Adsorbents prepared from sugarcane baggase-an agro industries waste was successfully used to remove the methyl red from an aqueous solution in a batch reactor. This study investigates the potential use of sugarcane baggase, pretreated with formaldehyde (PCSB) and sulphuric acid (PCSBC), for the removal of methyl red from simulated wastewater. Formaldehyde treated and sulphuric acid treated sugarcane bagasse were used to adsorb methyl red at varying dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH and contact time. Similar experiment was conducted with commercially available powdered activated carbon (PAC), in order to evaluate the performance of PCSB and PCSBC. The adsorption efficiency of different adsorbents was in the order PAC>PCSBC>PCSB. The initial pH of 6-10 flavors the adsorption of both PCSB and PCSBC. Adsorbents are very efficient in decolorized diluted solution. It is proposed that PCSB and PCSBC, in a batch or stirred tank reactors could be employed as a low cost alternative in wastewater treatment for the dye removal
In Malaysia, there has been rapidly increasing usage in amount of explosives due to widely expansion in quarrying and mining industries. The explosives are usually stored in the storage where the safety precaution had given high attention. As the storage of large quantity of explosive can be hazardous to workers and nearby residents in the events of accidental denotation of explosives, a risk assessment study for storage explosive (magazine) had been carried out. Risk assessment study had been conducted in Kimanis Quarry Sdn. Bhd, located in Sabah. Risk assessment study had been carried out with the identification of hazards and failure scenarios and estimation of the failure frequency of occurrence. Analysis of possible consequences of failure and the effects of blast waves due to the explosion was evaluated. The risk had been estimated in term of fatalities and eardrum rupture to the workers and public. The average individual voluntary risk for fatality to the workers at the quarry is calculated to be 5.75 x 10-6 per person per year, which is much lower than the acceptable level. Eardrum rupture risk calculated to be 3.15 x 10-6 per person per year for voluntary risk. There is no involuntary risk found for fatality but for eardrum rupture it was calculated to be 6.98 x 10-8 per person per year, as given by Asian Development Bank
Minyak kelapa sawit RBD ditukarkan kepada gasolin dengan mengalirkan wapnya melalui mangkin HZSM-5. Tiga sampel HZSM-5 dengan nisbah silika-alumina (SiO2/ Al2O3) yang berbeza iaitu 30, 50 dan 70 telah disediakan dan digunakan untuk mengkaji kesan nisbah silikaalumina HZSM-5 kepada proses tersebut. XRD telah digunakan untuk mengesahkan bahawa mangkin yang disediakan adalah HZSM-5. Analisis FTIR untuk spektra jarak sederhana dan spektra jarak dekat telah digunakan untuk memberi maklumat mengenai ciri-ciri struktur mangkin dan juga untuk menganalisa kumpulan hidroksil (OH) mangkin. Kesan nisbah silika-alumina dapat dilihat dengan jelas dari keputusan apabila HZSM-5 dengan nisbah silika-alumina 30 menghasilkan kepemilihan gasolin yang tinggi berbanding dengan dua mangkin yang lain. Kata kunci: Minyak kelapa sawit RBD, gasolin, HZSM–5, nisbah silika–alumina The RBD palm oil was converted to gasoline by passing its vapor through HZSMcatalyst. Three samples of HZSM-5 with different silica-alumina ratio (SiO2/ Al2O3) of 30, 50 and 70 were prepared and used to investigate the effect of silica-alumina ratio of HZSM-5 to the process. XRD was employed to confirm that the catalyst prepared were HZSM-5. FT-IR analysis for middle range spectra and near range spectra both were engaged to give structural characteristic of the catalyst and to analyze the hydroxyl (OH) groups of the catalyst respectively. The effect of silica-alumina ratio can be seen clearly from the result as HZSM-5 with 30 silica-alumina ratio produced the highest gasoline selectivity compare with the other two catalysts. Key words: RBD palm oil, Gasoline, HZSM–5, silica–alumina ratio
A simple and rapid magnetic solid-phase extraction based on reduced graphene oxide/ferroferic oxide (rGO/Fe3O4) coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector (HPLC-DAD), was proposed for the determination of naproxen and diclofenac sodium of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and bisphenol-A residue in tap water sample. Fe3O4 was assembled with graphene oxide by facile method. Several important parameters, such as extraction time, desorption time and desorption solvent were studied and optimized. Optimal conditions were then used for the extraction of NSAIDs and bisphenol-A from real samples, prior to HPLC-DAD analysis using C18 column. The proposed method provides good linearity in the range of 1.0-5.0 mg L-1 (R2 naproxene = 0.9983, R2 diclofenac = 0.9960) for NSAIDs and R2 = 0.9919 for bisphenol-A; limit of detection of 0.031 mg L-1 and 0.023 mg L-1 for naproxen and diclofenac, respectively and 0.1785 mg L-1 for bisphenol-A; limit of quantification for naproxen and diclofenac were 0.102 and 0.076 mg L-1, respectively and 0.5949 mg L-1 for bisphenol-A; relative recoveries between 66.21 and 105.60 % for diclofenac and naproxen, respectively and 72.74 % for bisphenol-A; and acceptable reproducibility relative standard deviation (RSD, n = 3) of 6.79 and 11.32 % for diclofenac and naproxen, respectively and 0.93 % for bisphenol-A. The method was successfully applied to tap water sample and the results indicates that small residue of bisphenol-A is present the sample while no traces of NSAIDs was detected.
Business ethics, from the start of the 21st century, has got attention among business communities. Globalization and workforce diversity have further extended this phenomenon and presently it is considered a part of the organization’s vision and mission statement. However, business ethics are not even practiced properly worldwide, especially in developing countries. Moreover, the present situation of the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has deteriorated the situation. Despite ethical theories, nothing else can justify business ethics, especially employee treatment in this pandemic situation. This paper aims to synthesize, compare and discuss the ethical theories in detail and tries to know whether these theories are enough to properly explain the business ethical issues that emerge due to globalization and the pandemic or not. The paper used the theory synthesis technique. Our discussion revealed that not a single theory can properly explain all the ethical issues and dimensions that emerged due to globalization and the COVID-19 pandemic disruption. Further, this paper suggests different aspects to formulate the new ethical dimensions that could explain all ethical dimensions and issues in all situations. This paper provides practical implications to corporate social responsibility and business ethic specialists to formulate new more precise dimensions in explaining ethical issues.
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