Summary A saddle that does not fit either a horse or a rider correctly has potentially far reaching consequences for both horse and rider health. The saddle should be assessed off and on the horse, without and with a rider. The fit of the saddle for both the horse and rider must be evaluated. A well‐fitted saddle should distribute weight evenly via the panels to the horse's thoracic region, with complete clearance of the spinous processes by the gullet. The saddle should remain fairly still during ridden exercise at all paces. The saddle must also fit the rider to enable them to sit in balance. Signs of an ill‐fitting saddle include equine thoracolumbar pain, focal swellings under the saddle, ruffling of the hair, dry spots under the saddle immediately after exercise surrounded by sweat, and abnormal hair wear. If a saddle does not fit the rider, the rider may not be able to ride in balance with the horse, and this may induce equine thoracolumbar pain. A saddle of inappropriate size and shape for the rider may induce rider back pain, ‘hip’ pain, sores under the ‘seat bones’ and perineal injuries.
Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) ventilation is frequently associated with reduction in cardiac output despite unchanged transmural left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure. These findings have been interpreted to indicate decreased contractility, but could also be explained by altered LV diastolic pressure-volume characteristics. To study this possibility, radiopaque markers were inserted into a plane of the LV in nine dogs. Transmural pressure (LV-pericardial) was synchronized with LV area during ventilation with zero end-expiratory pressure and with 15 cmH2O PEEP. Mean polynomial curves derived from the diastolic pressure-area data demonstrated that PEEP shifted the curves upward so that a given diastolic area was associated with a higher transmural LV pressure (P less than 0.0001). PEEP decreased end-diastolic area and stroke area, both of which were normalized with dextran volume expansion. Restoration of stroke area by normalizing end-diastolic area with volume expansion suggests the initial changes with PEEP were due to a decrease in preload rather than in contractility.
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