Primary cilia play a key role in sensory perception and various signaling pathways. Any defect in them leads to group of disorders called ciliopathies, and Bardet–Biedl syndrome (BBS, OMIM 209900) is one among them. The disorder is clinically and genetically heterogeneous, with various primary and secondary clinical manifestations, and shows autosomal recessive inheritance and highly prevalent in inbred/consanguineous populations. The disease mapped to at least twenty different genes (BBS1-BBS20), follow oligogenic inheritance pattern. BBS proteins localizes to the centerosome and regulates the biogenesis and functions of the cilia. In BBS, the functioning of various systemic organs (with ciliated cells) gets deranged and results in systemic manifestations. Certain components of the disease (such as obesity, diabetes, and renal problems) when noticed earlier offer a disease management benefit to the patients. However, the awareness of the disease is comparatively low and most often noticed only after severe vision loss in patients, which is usually in the first decade of the patient's age. In the current review, we have provided the recent updates retrieved from various types of scientific literature through journals, on the genetics, its molecular relevance, and the clinical outcome in BBS. The review in nutshell would provide the basic awareness of the disease that will have an impact in disease management and counseling benefits to the patients and their families.

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a thriving cryptographic algorithm that can be utilized to guarantee security in electronic information. It remains to uphold to be resistive from most of the attacks. In this work, AES-128 encryption iterative architecture is designed to achieve minimum area and less hardware utilization. Reduced area is attained by introducing a renovated S-box structure into the AES algorithm. Furthermore, hardware utilization is minimized by incorporating the Vedic multiplier in the Mix column transformation of the AES Encryption process. The proposed encryption architecture is of 128-bit size and was executed on the Xilinx Spartan FPGA series, namely, Spartan 3, Virtex-4 and Virtex-5 devices. The optimization result exhibits that the proposed S-box technique has a smaller area than other existing conventional works.

No abstract

No abstract

In the present age, cryptography is being used extensively for protecting information. The process of protecting information by encrypting it into an unreadable format is called cipher text. Only those who possess the secret key can decrypt the encrypted data into plain text. Remembering the key is a very difficult task, due to the usage of 128,192&256 key bits. To solve this issue, biometrics can be used as a key. In this paper a mixed key is generated from the fingerprint and binding key. This increases the complexity of guessing and cracking a cryptographic key. Mixed key will provide good opinion for information security. This combination of biometric key and binding key is done by mixing biometric templates with random number keys. This combination is done by using fuzzy commitment scheme [8]. Mixed key increases the randomness of the key. This implementation is done using MATLAB 7.7.0. Fingerprint images used in the experiments were obtained from the National Institute of Standards (NIST) fingerprint data set. Brute force attack is the main cause for information theft in encryption algorithm. This attack is a dictionary attack mainly depends on the randomness of the key. Random keys are less affected by this attack. The randomness of the generated mixed key is tested using randomness tests. The generated mixed key randomness is compared with the biometric key which is generated from the finger print. The experimental result shows that average of 50% randomness is increased in mixed key when compare to biometric key.