Background-The effects of ethanol on development of postmitotic neurons include altered neurite outgrowth and differentiation, which may contribute to neuropathology associated with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. We previously reported that ethanol exposure alters axon growth dynamics in dissociated cultures of rat hippocampal pyramidal neurons. Given the important regulatory role of small Rho GTPases in cytoskeletal reorganization associated with axon growth, and reports that ethanol alters whole cell Rho GTPase activity in other cell types, this study explored the hypothesis that ethanol alters Rho GTPase activity specifically in axonal growth cones.
Burn, a severe skin injury due to electricity, radiation, chemicals, or friction, may lead to the death of affected skin cells. Burns are a painful and crucial problem which causes disabilities. Sometimes, burns may also associate with the mortality of burn-injured patients. First-degree, second-degree, and third-degree are three categories of burns. First-degree burns (superficial burns) create minor skin damage as it affects the only uppermost layer of skin, and domestic care is sufficient for the treatment. Second-degree burns have injuries beyond the upper layer of skin, and third-degree burns reach every layer of skin, including nerve injuries that require critical care in treatment. Burn injuries are not limited to local; they may also give systemic responses and cause serious problems. Microbial infection is the most severe challenge associated with second and third-degree burns injuries. The ultimate goal for treating burn injuries is re-epithelialization with minimum tissue scarring. Selection of the appropriate treatment will be based on the extremity of the burn injury. The most prevalent and effective treatment is topical agents containing mafenide acetate, silver sulfadiazine, silver nitrate, etc. Skin substitutes, negative pressure wound therapy, and skin grafting are advanced treatments for burn injuries. Burn treatment is also associated with complications such as infection, dehydration, low body temperature, and emotional problems. Animal studies for burn models are performed using rabbits, rats, and pigs. This may be an effective way to find out the new forms of burn treatment, including assessing newly developed formulations.
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