The paper discusses the process of sowing row crops (the formation of a ridge above the seeds and rolling ridges) in laboratory conditions. Taking account of the agrotechnical requirements and physical and mechanical properties of the soil, the reference profile of the soil ridge as well as the original optimization criterion have been adopted. This ridge is formed during sowing, which conditionally can be recognized as ideal. After studying the process of sowing in the tillage bin and statistical processing of the obtained data, the corresponding equations were deduced in which the independent process factors were expressed in natural and in encoded values.
Состояние вопроса и его анализ показали, что существующие методы обработки поверхности поля перед посевом и гребневой способ посева пропашных культур реализуют различными почвообрабатывающе-посевными агрегатами, в частности, сеялками, оснащенными рабочими органами в виде плоских вращающихся дисков. Однако задача формирования над уложенными в почву семенами с помощью плоских дисков гребня почвы, удовлетворяющего критериям качества, до сих пор остается не решенной. Поэтому возникла необходимость теоретического и экспериментального обоснования оптимальных конструктивно-режимных параметров рабочего органа гребневой сеялки, основным элементом которого является плоский диск. Нами предложено при гребневом посеве пропашных культур использовать инновационную сеялку, которая совмещает операции подрезания сорняков, рыхления почвы, высева семян, а также образование над ними почвенных гребней с заданными размерами и необходимой плотностью. В статье рассмотрен процесс формирования гребней почвы рабочими органами с плоскими дисками в лабораторных условиях. Учитывая агротехнические требования и физико-механические свойства почвы, принят эталонный профиль бугорка почвы, образующийся при посеве, который условно можно принять идеальным. Для достоверной оценки качества образуемого почвенного бугорка, в соответствии с агротехническими параметрами к посеву и позиции соответствия получаемого почвенного бугорка эталонному использовали оригинальный критерий оптимизации К сэ . После практической реализации формирования бугорков почвы рабочими органами с плоскими дисками и статистической обработки результатов исследований были получены соответствующие уравнения, в которых независимые факторы процесса были выражены как в натуральных, так и в кодированных значениях. После анализа уравнений выявили, что коэффициент К сэ мах =0,92м максимален в случае, когда используется плоский диск диаметром 0,35 м.
The article gives an outline of the development of a method for sowing row crops and the design of a ridge seeder for its implementation. The use of the latter makes it possible to carry out the pre-sowing cultivation in one pass, the sowing of seeds in a moist soil layer on a compacted bed. It also helps to form a soil hummock of the required size above the seeds and by rolling the soil hummock from three sides one can finally form a ridge of the soil of the required size and density. The optimal diameter of a flat disc of the working part in the ridge seeder has been theoretically and experimentally substantiated proceeding from the conditions of its reliable rotation in the soil with minimal sliding and rolling resistance, as well as cutting soil clods, weeds and pushing the soil from the inter-row space on to the sown seeds.
A method is presented for determining the density of soil in the ridge from the simultaneous action of spherical disks and a conical roller wheel. Heuristic and technical analysis of the process of forming soil ridges by rollers made it possible to conclude with a 90 % reliability that the main factorsб which significantly affect the quality of soil ridge formation, are the angle of attack of spherical discs (α = 10°), the speed of the roller (vс = 5.4 km / h) and the compression force of its spring (Fspr. = 180 N).
Heuristic and technical analysis of various designs of tillage rollers of row-crop seeders has led to the conclusion that they are mainly intended for destruction of lumps and soil compaction before and after sowing on a flat field surface. When studying the available methods for assessing the impact on improvement criteria of the design parameters and surface features of individual working elements of the ridge-forming rollers, it was revealed that, currently, there are unresolved issues, in particular, the method for specification of the absolute speed of the soil displaced by the spherical discs of the ridge seeder roller. Thus, it is necessary to substantiate theoretically this parameter of the tillage roller, which directly affects the distance between the spherical discs of the roller of the ridge seeder. For the finishing operation of formation of the soil ridge of the required parameters and density simultaneously with sowing, a roller was developed, the novelty of which is confirmed by the patents of the Russian Federation № 194330, № 194348, № 196712. The design of the roller includes regulation of the angles of attack of the spherical discs and the degree of compression of the spring, because these parameters have a significant effect on the geometric dimensions of the formed ridge and the density of the soil inside it. The proposed roller is mounted on the rear beam holder of the sowing section of the ridge seeder. Moving on the surface of the field, the ridge seeder colters sow seeds on a wet compacted bed, the ridge formers form a loose soil hill above the sown seeds and the rollers compact the soil hill. The speeds and forces acting on the spherical disc of the roller have been determined. It was theoretically revealed that the absolute speed of soil particles thrown by the edge of the spherical disc towards the symmetry longitudinal axis of the soil ridge is maximum and depends on the angular velocity of the spherical disc, its radius and angle of attack, as well as the frictional properties of the soil. As moving to the center of the spherical disc, the absolute speed of soil particles thrown from a specific point of the studied roller working body decreases
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