Two-step sintering (TSS) was applied on nanocrystalline zinc oxide (ZnO) to control the accelerated grain growth occurring during the final stage of sintering. The grain size of a high-density (498%) ZnO compact produced by the TSS was smaller than 1 lm, while the grain size of those formed by the conventional sintering method was B4 lm. The results showed that the temperature of both sintering steps plays a significant role in densification and grain growth of the nanocrystalline ZnO compacts. Several TSS regimes were analyzed. Based on the results obtained, the optimum regime consisted of heating at 8001C (step 1) and 7501C (step 2), resulting in the formation of a structure containing submicrometer grains (0.68 lm). Heating at 8501C (step 1) and then at 7501C (step 2) resulted in densification and grain growth similar to the conventional sintering process. Lower temperatures, e.g., 8001C (step 1) and 7001C (step 2), resulted in exhaustion of the densification at a relative density of 86%, above which the grains continued to grow. Thermogravimetric analysis results were used to propose a mechanism for sintering of the samples with transmission electron micrographs showing the junctions that pin the boundaries of growing grains and the triple-point drags that result in the grain-boundary curvature.

Nickel oxide (NiO) nano-particles were produced via a rapid microwave-assisted method. Ni(OH) 2 precursor was obtained by slow drop-wise addition of 0.1M sodium hydroxide to 0.1M nickel nitrate. The mixture was vigorously stirred until the pH reached 7.2. The mixture was then irradiated with microwave to deposit Ni(OH) 2 at an intensified precipitation rate. Drying of the precipitate at 320°C resulted in formation of NiO nano-powder. Mean dimension of this powder was ~30nm according to the images analyzed by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed well-crystallized/high-purity nanostructures of the synthesized powder. Microwave utilization increased homogeneity and decreased the mean particle size of the produced NiO powder.

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