This paper examines factors associated with dental care spending in Canada employing through three models; the first model estimates the income elasticity of demand for dental care and the other two models
Collapsing of building incidents have been reported all over the world and seems to be commonespecially in sedimentary terrain of the coastal plain sand of Ado-Odo Ota which has the same subsurface features as the Lagos that experience regular building collapse. This building collapse is attributed to several causes. The reasons that have been identified, have added little or no impact on reducing this environmental disaster. This study presents the strength of emerging and existing geophysical tools for near-surface structural studies. The aim is to reveal the recent technical development on improving field surveys to minimize building collapse. Data acquisition using electromagnetic (EM) methods which are known for fast mapping of near-surface spatial variation as well as obtaining the subsurface vertical variation in electrical conductivity was adopted. The acquired spatial and attribute data was introduced in a GIS environment with different thematic vectors/layers created by digitizing the satellite image of the study area. The GIS digitizing was to geographically trace the acquired data with accurate coordinates from the obtained EM field data with the thematic layer representing the features such as weak zone and competence zones that can hold buildings. A transverse was taken in a strategic positions considering the regional features with 10 m spacing to cover the marked stations. It revealed the layer depths range from 0.37 to 1.64 m with the much competence layer found to be about 1.64 mbeyond which may be the thick clay Ilaro formation that underlies the recent formation. The weathered shear zone at the depth of 0.37 m may be the recent lithoral deposits which is geotechnically and geologicallyunstable and proximity to active faults of ruptured geomorphology of the building zonation.
Chemical toxicity risks from 14 different brands of building materials such as Cements, tiles, marbles and sands were analysed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). This study is aimed at determining the risk exposure to dweller of different age groups. The digested samples analysed using ICP-MS for the concentrations of Cr, Pb, Zn, Ni, Fe, As and Cd varies from 10 to 183, 8.96 to 68.70, 35.4 to 733.7, 14.4 to 690.5, 0.95 to 4.64 and 0.7 to 14.7 mgkg−1respectively. Statistical Analysis showed that 44% of the Concentrations of Toxic metals measured in the building material samples come from Ni, the scree plots of dermal and inhalation risks exposure to children aged from 0.5 to 11 years showed sharp drop after Ni metal compared to adult with ages ranges from 12 to 70 years where the drop is steady from the first factor. This indicated that Adults are not over-exposed compared to children to these heavy metals. The High factor value of 2.786 was seen in Goodwill Verified. Tile High factor scores were discovered from the exposure of children to both dermal and inhalation risks compared to the Adults. Some of these concentrations and risks exceed the permissible limits of the European Regulatory Standards and USEPA. Significantly, these chemical toxicity risks of heavy metal contents in the building materials may pose health risks on dwellers especially the under-aged children.
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