This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Salmonella species in milk and locally processed milk products traded for human consumption and assess the risk factors associated with Salmonella milk contamination in the study area. The study utilized microbiological culture and isolation as well as questionnaire analysis. A total of 600 samples were studied, 200 each for fresh milk (madara), full creamed milk (kindirmo) and skimmed milk (nono). The study revealed an overall prevalence of 8.7% (52/600). About 0.2% (1/600), 3.0% (18/600), 1.0% (6/600), 2.0% (12/600) and 2.5% (15/600) of the overall prevalence were recorded in Dengi, Gargah, Kanam, Gagdi and Gidgid districts of the Local Government Area (LGA) respectively. This revealed a high level of statistical significance (P<0.05). Prevalence rates in relation to milk type were 6.4% (38/600), 1.5% (9/600) and 0.8% (5/600) for fresh milk, full creamed milk and skimmed milk respectively. This showed a high level of statistical significance (P<0.05). Based on sources of water used for milk processing, prevalence rates were 6.8% (41/600), 1.7% (10/600) and 0.2% (1/600) for stream water, well water and borehole water respectively. These differences were highly significant statistically (P<0.05). Risk factors analysis revealed that 31.3% (188/600) of the respondents were not aware of salmonellosis and 82.2% (493/600) were not aware of the risk of acquiring Salmonella via milk consumption. There were high association between the prevalence of Salmonella in milk and the risk of sucking milk directly from the udder of cows (P<0.00001, OR = 8.7448), the use of stream water in processing milk (P=0.0001, OR = 3.6733) and failure to wash the udder of cows before milking (P=0.0041, OR = 0.2072). This study has revealed the presence of Salmonella species in milk traded for human consumption and the risk factors associated with their contamination in Kanam Local Government Area of Plateau State, Nigeria.

This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of Salmonella species from raw beef obtained from markets and Japanese quail eggs from farms and retail outlets in Jos and environs, Nigeria, using colony morphology and biochemical tests. Of the 100 raw beef samples examined, 11 were contaminated with Salmonella given a prevalence of 11.0%. Salmonella was isolated from 3 out of the 225 quail eggs analyzed. The result revealed that only 0.8% of the quail egg contents were positive for Salmonella while the prevalence on egg shell was 1.7%. The prevalence of Salmonella on raw beef was found to be relatively higher in Tudun Wada and Rukuba Road 4(20.0%), while Terminus, Abattoir and Gada Biyu had a lower prevalence of 1 (5.0%). The relative prevalence of Salmonella on the egg shell and content base on location indicates considerable high (4.0%) levels of contamination in samples from Jos South Local Government Area while eggs collected from Jos North and Jos East revealed a prevalence of 0.0%. The antibiotic sensitivity pattern of the isolates showed varying degree of sensitivity. The isolates were moderately sensitive to Ciprofloxacin, Sulphademethoxazole, Chloramphenicol and Gentamycin recording the highest sensitivity. The isolates were completely resistant to Tetracyline, Neomycin, Oxacillin and Erythromycin. Multi-drug resistance was reported in isolates from quail eggs from Farm A. All the isolates from the three farms were resistant to Oxacillin and Erythromycin while two (from Farms A and C) were resistant to Sulphadimethoxazole. Regulatory control of antibiotics usage in livestock production, meat/poultry hygiene and pharmaco-epidemiological surveillance in food animals to ensure consumer safety were therefore recommended.

Fasciolosis is a snail-borne parasitosis of veterinary, medical and economic importance with a worldwide distribution. In this study, we determined the prevalence, risk factors and economic losses associated with the disease in slaughtered cattle in Bauchi, Nigeria using macroscopic examination at the abattoir, simple sedimentation technique and close ended structured questionnaires. We analysed our data using Chi square, Odds ratio and logistic regression at 95% confidence interval. Of the 208 samples analysed, we observed an overall prevalence of 29.8% (62/208) which varied significantly (p < 0.05) between Red Bororo (18.8%) and White Fulani (34.7%). Prevalence rates in relation to sex, management practices and body conditions varied significantly (p < 0.05) ranging between 10.9% and 90.0%. Based on sources of cattle, fasciolosis recorded highest (84.2%) and lowest (6.7%) prevalence rates in Tafawa Balewa and Bogoro respectively. A total of 312.6 kg of liver estimated at a cost of # 312,600 (1,570.9 USD) was condemned as a result of fasciolosis during our study. Approximate annual losses of liver due to this disease were estimated at 3751.2kg at a total cost of #3,751,200 (18,850.3 USD). Grazing animals in swampy areas, presence of snails around grazing sites, watering animals using streams, extensive management and lack of routine de-worming all influenced the prevalence of bovine fasciolosis in Bauchi. Fasciolosis remains prevalent and is associated with considerable economic losses in cattle slaughtered in Bauchi, Nigeria. An effective control of the disease requires improvement of management practices and routine de-worming.

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