SUMMARYA 2-D steady-state mathematical model of a tubular solid oxide fuel cell with indirect internal reforming (IIR-SOFC) has been developed to examine the chemical and electrochemical processes and the effect of different operating parameters on the cell performance. The conservation equations for energy, mass, momentum as well as the electrochemical equations are solved simultaneously employing numerical techniques. A co-flow configuration is considered for gas streams in the air and fuel channels. The heat radiation between the preheater and reformer surface is incorporated into the model and local heat transfer coefficients are determined throughout the channels. The model predictions have been compared with the data available in the literature. The model was used to study the effect of various operating conditions on the cell performance. Numerical results indicate that as the cell operating pressure increases, the reforming reaction extends to a larger portion of the cell and the maximum temperature move away from the cell inlet. As a result, a more uniform temperature prevails in the solid structure which reduces thermal stresses. Also, at higher excess air, the rate of heat transfer to the air stream is augmented and the average cell temperature is decreased.
-Caper (Capparis spinosa) is used as multipurpose and adaptable plant which provides a valuable opportunity to enhance greenery in harsh climatic areas. This plant like the others is affected by drought and sodium chloride stresses as the most common abiotic stresses worldwide. This study was carried out to determine the interaction between drought and different ratios of sodium and calcium chloride on caper. Droughts stress were two levels of 100 and 75% of field capacity and were applied based on the daily weighting method of pots. Salt treatments were four different ratios of calcium chloride: sodium chloride (1:0, 1:1, 1:3, 1:5]. Treatments started when the plants were sown in the pots. Results indicated that higher ratios of calcium chloride than sodium chloride which caused salinity stress have destructive effect on water relationships and contents of the caper. This stress affected growth, morphological, and physiological function related traits in a negative way. Growth and other traits decreased under water deficit conditions. It seems that interaction between salinity and drought had the most destructive effect on this plant and decreasing its quality and quantity of its traits.Keywords: salt stress, chlorophyll index, water content. Palavras-chave: estresse salino, índice de clorofila, teor de água.
RESUMO -A alcaparra (Capparis
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