Microfungal applications are increasing daily in the medical science. Several species of Trichoderma are widely used in agricultural fields as biological control and plant growth promoting agents. The application of Trichoderma asperellum as an entomopathogenic fungus against the Anopheles mosquito, a vector of malaria, is a novel control approach. Controlling malaria with eco-friendly management practices is an urgent need. We isolated three T. asperellum from different natural sources using serial dilution and mosquito baiting techniques. The fungi were identified on the basis of phenotypical and molecular characteristics. The fungi were grown in different natural media to examine spore production ability and the fungal spore suspensions were applied to the anopheline larvae to determine their larvicidal activity in vitro. We investigated the efficacy of crude ME (methanolic extract) and different methanolic fractions (MFs) of the fungal extracts against anopheline larvae. Methanolic Fraction 8 (MF8) exhibited the strongest larvicidal activity. A GC-MS analysis of MF8 and a Chemolibrary search were performed to identify the active agents in the fungal extracts. Among the three isolates of T. asperellum, the TaspSKGN2 isolate showed the lowest LD50 (2.68 × 107 conidia/mL) and LT50 values (12.33 h). The crude ME exhibited LD50 values of 0.073 mg/mL and LT50 values of 11.33 h. MF8 showed LD50 values of 0.059 mg/mL and LT50 values of 8.57 h. In GC-MS study of MF8, 49 compounds were found. Among these, seven compounds (2,3-di hydro thiopene, p-cymene, alpha-pinene, hexadecanoic acid, 8-methyl quinoline, (Z,Z)-9,12-octa decadienoic acid, methyl ester, 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-Pyran-4-one-) with high abundance were found to have insecticidal efficacy by a literature survey. We detected a reduction in the phenoloxidase content inside the cuticle and hemolymph of the anopheline larvae after a few hours of interaction with ME (0.073 mg/mL). Thus Trichoderma asperellum has new applications for the control of Anopheles spp. malaria vectors.
Efficient allocation of channels for wireless communication in different network scenarios has become an extremely important topic of recent research. The main challenge lies in the fact that the channel allocation problem is NP-complete. Because of a maximum allowable time limit imposed in practical situations for allocation of channels, sometimes we may need to be satisfied with a near-optimal solution. In this correspondence, we present a discussion on the various challenges and approaches that have been used by different researchers to solve the problem of channel allocation taking into account different interference issues and efficient utilization of available communication channels for cellular mobile (including multimedia communication) environment and cognitive radio based networks. important classes of wireless networks -cellular mobile networks and cognitive radio networks.Mobile computing, particularly over cellular networks, has emerged as an important topic of research because of the need for computing abilities even when people are on the move. Over the last decade, the number of such cellular network dependent mobile users has been increasing nearly exponentially. With the advances in technology, there has been an increasing demand from the mobile users for providing multimedia services like voice, text, still image, and video over wireless networks. On the other hand, the available bandwidth required for such multimedia data communication for a large number of mobile users is very much limited. Such a limited availability of the radio spectrum, signal distortion, and the interference caused by the environment and other mobile users impose an inherent bound on the capacity of such wireless networks. Therefore, developing methods to utilize the scarce radio spectrum efficiently is more critical than ever before.Based on the application scenario, the common ways to design wireless networks are: (i) infrastructure-based network design such as the cellular structure approach, (ii) infrastructure-less networks such as ad hoc networks, and (iii) hybrid networks which uses a mix of infrastructure with ad hoc network architecture and can typically be found in many sensor network applications. In an infrastructurebased network design-such as the cellular networks, the geographical region under consideration is spatially divided into a number of cells-which can be either overlapping or non-overlapping. A base station is established in each cell, and each mobile station in the cell communicates through this base station via a channel assigned by the base station. Several techniques such as frequency division multiplexing (FDM), time division multiplexing (TDM), or
SUMMARYEnvironmental factors have been implicated in the induction of autoimmune disorders. We report here that a common chemical, phthalate, used widely in synthetic polymers and cosmetics induces serum anti-self DNA antibodies in BALB/c, NZB and autoimmune-prone NZB/W F1 mice. The latter group experiences a high mortality, and signi®cantly higher anti-DNA antibody levels along with nephritis and other histopathologic changes in kidney.Comparison of amino acid sequences of an anti-phthalate BALB/c B-cell hybrid, 2C3 with the known database at the National Center for Biotechnology Information reveals a striking homology between the variable regions of 2C3-Ig (g 1 , k) and an anti-DNA antibody, BV04-01 (g2b,k) isolated from the lupus-prone NZB/W F1 mice. The homology is 98% for k light chain and 70% for g heavy chain. Like 2C3-Ig, BV04-01 also has speci®city for d(pT)4. Furthermore, the light chains of both 2C3-Ig and BV04-01 are products of Vk1 gene. To understand the nature of anti-phthalate responses in general, hybridomas generated from phthalate± keyhole limpet haemocyanin-primed BALB/c splenocytes were characterized. The study identi®es cross-reactive populations that strongly bind phthalate, DNA, or both. Of the 14 hybridomas evaluated, six express the same Vk1 gene-derived light chain as 2C3, and bind both phthalate and ds and ss-DNA. They speci®cally recognize the oligonucleotides, d(pT)4, and d(pT)10. Additionally, when antisera raised against idiopeptides corresponding to 2C3-Ig hypervariable regions are allowed to react with 2C3-Ig, their binding is blocked speci®cally by both d(pT)4 and phthalate. This study clearly demonstrates that phthalate exposure leads to activation of a signi®cant number of autoreactive B-cells, with the consequence of a signi®cant pathogenic progression in susceptible NZB/W F1 mice but not in non-autoimmune-prone BALB/c.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.