Trends in pipe-steel development, smelting technologies, and hot-rolling and heat-treatment methods are reviewed, in the context of growing requirements on seamless pipe for oil and gas extraction in challenging conditions. As new resources become available, PAO Gazprom is developing appropriate requirements on high-strength, low-temperature borehole pipe and pump and compressor pipe that is resistant to H 2 S and CO 2 corrosion. In the present work, metallurgical principles are outlined for the development of new grades of high-quality steel with minimum content of sulfur, phosphorus, and dissolved gas and corresponding treatment conditions. This involves the selection of the chemical composition so that martensite structure is formed on quenching and subsequent high-tempering, thereby ensuring the required combination of strength and ductility. It is shown that the optimal combination of strength and ductility may be attained at -60°C if chromium-molybdenum steel containing around 0.25 wt % C is alloyed with vanadium and niobium, which readily form carbides. Resistance to sulfide stress cracking may be afforded by microalloying of the steel so as to decrease the initial austenite grain size and by calibrating the content of molybdenum, which ensures high hardenability and slows softening on tempering. New compositions for martensitic stainless steel with 13% Cr are developed. That ensures the required resistance to CO 2 corrosion and improves the strength and cold strength in comparison with the basic composition of 20X13 steel. Reconstruction of the electrosmelting and rolling systems at OAO Volzhskii Trubnyi Zavod (VTZ) ensures the required quality of the new products, from continuous-cast steel billet to the final pipe.
The review contains main directions in the development of modern steelmaking, hot rolling technologies and heat treatment aimed to follow increased requirements to seamless tubes for production of oil and gas under severe conditions. New targets of PJSC “Gazprom” in development of new resources have determined new technical requirements to pipes for low temperature application, resistant to hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide corrosion. Basic metal science approaches are given to develop new chemical compositions of high quality steels containing minimum of sulfur, phosphorous and solute gases. Corresponding heat treatment routes are determined for formation of martensitic microstructure in full wall section during quenching with subsequent high tempering for required combination of high strength and ductility. It was shown that optimal combination of high strength and toughness at 60 °C below zero can be achieved by alloying of chromium-molybdenum steel containing about 0.25 wt. % of carbon with strong carbon forming elements such as vanadium and niobium. Sustainability of these steels to stress sulfide cracking was achieved through grain refinement with microalloying by molybdenum in concentrations corresponding to strength grades that gives high hardenability and retards tempering of martensite. New compositions of corrosion resistant martensitic 13 % chromium steel were carried out that was resulted in required resistance to carbon dioxide environments with improved low temperature toughness and high strength. The authors present results of reconstruction of steel making and hot rolling production lines at JSC “Volzhskii Pipe Plant” providing the required quality of new products from continuously cast steel billets to finished tubes.
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