The potential use of epilithic diatoms as indicators of organic pollution was evaluated in Gravataı´River, RS, (latitude 29°45¢-30°12¢ S; longitude 50°27¢-51°12¢ W). The river suffers agricultural impacts in its upper course and urban and industrial organic pollution in its lower course. Epilithic diatoms were sampled eight times from September 2000 to August 2002, at six sites. Species were identified and densities and relative abundances of populations were determined. Simultaneously, physical, chemical and microbiological variables were measured (water temperature, conductivity, turbidity, pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD 5 ), chemical oxygen demand, ammonium, organic nitrogen, total nitrogen, ortho-phosphate, total phosphate, chloride and faecal coliforms). In order to interpret the environmental and biological variables, discriminant analysis and the TWINSPAN methods (Two-Way Indicator Species Analysis) were applied. The results indicated that the concentrations of ortho-phosphate, ammonium, total organic nitrogen, BOD 5 and faecal coliforms characterized a pollution gradient along the river, where changes in the abundance or species composition were observed. Species were classified into three groups: Group A, including species more tolerant to heavy organic pollution and eutrophication, represented by
The Gravataí river situated in the metropolitan region of Porto Alegre has an area of approximately 2.020 km 2 and provides public water supply to about 500,000 inhabitants in 5 municipalities (latitude 29° 45'-30° 12' S; longitude 50° 27'-51° 12' W). The river basin has two regions with distinctive characteristics of occupation: the upper course shows intensive farming and the lower course presents urban and industrial uses. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the water quality in the Gravataí River (RS, Brazil) by using physical, chemical and microbiological variables, and the water quality biological indices (WQBI) formulated for southern Brazilian rivers based on epilithic diatom communities as indicators. For comparison purposes, a local WQBI, called the Gravataí WQBI, was also used where species were given new saprobic values (s) and indicative values (vi) according to their occurrence and abundance in the river, using multivariate analytical techniques. The biological samples were taken every three months at six stations along the Gravataí River between September 2000 and August 2002. The results of the physical and chemical analyses of the water indicated a pollution gradient down the river, from the headwaters to the mouth, detected mainly by considering a significant decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen and turbidity, as well as a significant increase in BOD 5 , total nitrogen, ortho-phosphate and thermotolerant coliforms. Comparing the results obtained, differences were found regarding the predominant pollution levels as higher in the Gravataí WQBI, although both corroborated a tendency for the contamination gradient to increase from the headwaters to the mouth. Given the local anthropic changes, it is of great importance to continue the study of diatom species tolerance to organic pollution and eutrophication in different lotic systems of the region.Keywords: epilithic diatoms, bioindicators, Water Quality Biotic Indices (WQBI), organic contamination, eutrophication. Aplicação de índices biológicos da qualidade água utilizando diatomáceas como bioindicadoras no rio Gravataí, RS, BrazilResumo O rio Gravataí situado na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre tem aproximadamente 2.020 km 2 e abastece aproximadamente 500.000 habitantes em cinco municípios (latitude 29° 45'-30° 12' S; longitude 50° 27'-51° 12' W). A bacia do rio tem duas regiões com características distintas de ocupação: o curso superior mostra atividades intensivas de agricultura, e o curso inferior apresenta usos industriais e urbanos. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a qualidade da água do rio Gravataí, RS, utilizando variáveis físicas, químicas e microbiológicas, e o Índice Biológico da Qualidade de Água (IBQA), formulado para rios sul-brasileiros, baseado na comunidade de diatomáceas epilíticas como indicadoras. Para fins de comparação, aplicou-se um IBQA regional denominado IBQA Gravataí, no qual houve uma nova classificação dos valores sapróbicos "s" e valores indicativos ...
This work present a new gadget for sampling epilithic diatoms from both lentic and lotic enviroments. The sampler consists of a polystyrene cylinder, left to float on the surface of the water, to which stone substrates are attached. This epilithic diatom sampler (EDS) can be used to detect spatial and temporal richness and density variation in the study of the diatom community, as well as in water quality monitoring.Keywords: sampler collection gadget, epilithic diatoms. Dispositivo de amostragem para o estudo de diatomáceas epilíticas ResumoApresenta-se um novo dispositivo para amostragem de diatomáceas epilíticas a ser empregado em ambientes lênticos e lóticos. O amostrador é constituído por cilindro de polietileno flutuante na superfície da água onde são fixados substratos rochosos. Este amostrador de diatomáceas epilíticas (EDS) pode ser usado tanto para detectar variações espaciais e temporais de riqueza e densidade da comunidade de diatomáceas como para o monitoramento da qualidade da água.Palavras-chave: amostrador, diatomáceas epilíticas.
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